adhīyīran trayaḥ varṇāḥ sva-karma-sthāḥ dvijātayaḥ . prabrūyāt brāhmaṇaḥ tu eṣām na itarau iti niścayaḥ .. 10.1..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.1. Let the three twice-born castes (varna), discharging their (prescribed) duties, study (the Veda); but among them the Brahmana (alone) shall teach it, not the other two; that is an established rule.
वैशेष्यात् प्रकृति-श्रैष्ठ्यात् नियमस्य च धारणात् । संस्कारस्य विशेषात् च वर्णानाम् ब्राह्मणः प्रभुः ॥ १०।३॥
TRANSLITERATION
vaiśeṣyāt prakṛti-śraiṣṭhyāt niyamasya ca dhāraṇāt . saṃskārasya viśeṣāt ca varṇānām brāhmaṇaḥ prabhuḥ .. 10.3..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.3. On account of his pre-eminence, on account of the superiority of his origin, on account of his observance of (particular) restrictive rules, and on account of his particular sanctification the Brahmana is the lord of (all) castes (varna).
brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyaḥ vaiśyaḥ trayaḥ varṇāḥ dvijātayaḥ . caturthe ekajātiḥ tu śūdraḥ na asti tu pañcamaḥ .. 10.4..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.4. Brahmana, the Kshatriya, and the Vaisya castes (varna) are the twice-born ones, but the fourth, the Sudra, has one birth only; there is no fifth (caste).
सर्व-वर्णेषु तुल्यासु पत्नीषु अक्षतयोनिषु । आनुलोम्येन सम्भूताः जात्याः ज्ञेयाः ते एव ते ॥ १०।५॥
TRANSLITERATION
sarva-varṇeṣu tulyāsu patnīṣu akṣatayoniṣu . ānulomyena sambhūtāḥ jātyāḥ jñeyāḥ te eva te .. 10.5..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.5. In all castes (varna) those (children) only which are begotten in the direct order on wedded wives, equal (in caste and married as) virgins, are to be considered as belonging to the same caste (as their fathers)
10.6. Sons, begotten by twice-born man on wives of the next lower castes, they declare to be similar (to their fathers, but) blamed on account of the fault (inherent) in their mothers.
10.7. Such is the eternal law concerning (children) born of wives one degree lower (than their husbands); know (that) the following rule (is applicable) to those born of women two or three degrees lower.
10.8. From a Brahmana a with the daughter of a Vaisya is born (a son) called an Ambashtha, with the daughter of a sudra a Nishada, who is also called Parasava.
10.9. From a Kshatriya and the daughter of a Sudra springs a being, called Ugra, resembling both a Kshatriya and a Sudra, ferocious in his manners, and delighting in cruelty.
10.10. Children of a Brahmana by (women of) the three (lower) castes, of a Kshatriya by (wives of) the two (lower) castes, and of a Vaisya by (a wife of) the one caste (below him) are all six called base-born (apasada).
10.11. From a Kshatriya by the daughter of a Brahmana is born (a son called) according to his caste (gati) a Suta; from a Vaisya by females of the royal and the Brahmana (castes) spring a Magadha and a Vaideha.
10.12. From a Sudra are born an Ayogava, a Kshattri, and a Kandala, the lowest of men, by Vaisya, Kshatriya, and Brahmana) females, (sons who owe their origin to) a confusion of the castes.
ekāntare tu ānulomyāt ambaṣṭha-ugrau yathā smṛtau . kṣattṛ-vaidehakau tadvat prātilomye api janmani .. 10.13..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.13. As an Ambashtha and an Ugra, (begotten) in the direct order on (women) one degree lower (than their husbands) are declared (to be), even so are a Kshattri and a Vaidehaka, though they were born in the inverse order of the castes (from mothers one degree higher than the fathers).
putrāḥ ye anantara-strī-jāḥ krameṇa uktāḥ dvijanmanām . tān anantara-nāmnaḥ tu mātṛ-doṣāt pracakṣate .. 10.14..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.14. Those sons of the twice-born, begotten on wives of the next lower castes, who have been enumerated in due order, they call by the name Anantaras (belonging to the next lower caste), on account of the blemish (inherent) in their mothers.
10.15. A Brahmana begets on the daughter of an Ugra an Avrita, on the daughter of an Ambashtha an Abhira, but on a female of the Ayogava (caste) a Dhigvana.
आयोगवः च क्षत्ता च चण्डालः च अधमः नृणाम् । प्रातिलोम्येन जायन्ते शूद्रात् अपसदाः त्रयः ॥ १०।१६॥
TRANSLITERATION
āyogavaḥ ca kṣattā ca caṇḍālaḥ ca adhamaḥ nṛṇām . prātilomyena jāyante śūdrāt apasadāḥ trayaḥ .. 10.16..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.16. From a Sudra spring in the inverse order (by females of the higher castes) three base-born (sons, apasada), an Ayogava, a Kshattri, and a Kandala, the lowest of men;
vaiśyāt māgadha-vaidehau kṣatriyāt sūtaḥ eva tu . pratīpam ete jāyante pare api apasadāḥ trayaḥ .. 10.17..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.17. From a Vaisya are born in the inverse order of the castes a Magadha and a Vaideha, but from a Kshatriya a Suta only; these are three other base-born ones (apasada).
jātaḥ niṣādāt śūdrāyām jātyāḥ bhavati pukkasaḥ . śūdrāt jātaḥ niṣādyām tu sa vai kukkuṭakaḥ smṛtaḥ .. 10.18..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.18. The son of a Nishada by a Sudra female becomes a Pukkasa by caste (gati), but the son of a Sudra by a Nishada female is declared to be a Kukkutaka.
10.20. Those (sons) whom the twice-born beget on wives of equal caste, but who, not fulfilling their sacred duties, are excluded from the Savitri, one must designate by the appellation Vratyas.
व्यभिचारेण वर्णानामवेद्यावेदनेन च । स्वकर्मणां च त्यागेन जायन्ते वर्णसङ्कराः ॥ १०.२४॥
PADACHEDA
व्यभिचारेण वर्णानाम् अवेद्य-अवेदनेन च । स्व-कर्मणाम् च त्यागेन जायन्ते वर्ण-सङ्कराः ॥ १०।२४॥
TRANSLITERATION
vyabhicāreṇa varṇānām avedya-avedanena ca . sva-karmaṇām ca tyāgena jāyante varṇa-saṅkarāḥ .. 10.24..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.24. By adultery (committed by persons) of (different) castes, by marriages with women who ought not to be married, and by the neglect of the duties and occupations (prescribed) to each, are produced (sons who owe their origin) to a confusion the castes.
10.27. These six (Pratilomas) beget similar races (varna) on women of their own (caste), they (also) produce (the like) with females of their mother’s caste (gati), and with females (of) higher ones.
yathā trayāṇām varṇānām dvayoḥ ātmā asya jāyate . ānantaryāt svayonyām tu tathā bāhyeṣu api kramaḥ .. 10.28..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.28. As a (Brahmana) begets on (females of) two out of the three (twice-born castes a son similar to) himself, (but inferior) on account of the lower degree (of the mother), and (one equal to himself) on a female of his own race, even so is the order in the case of the excluded (races, vahya).
ते च अपि बाह्यान् सु बहून् ततस् अपि अधिक-दूषितान् । परस्परस्य दारेषु जनयन्ति विगर्हितान् ॥ १०।२९॥
TRANSLITERATION
te ca api bāhyān su bahūn tatas api adhika-dūṣitān . parasparasya dāreṣu janayanti vigarhitān .. 10.29..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.29. Those (six mentioned above) also beget, the one on the females of the other, a great many (kinds of) despicable (sons), even more sinful than their (fathers), and excluded (from the Aryan community, vahya).
10.30. Just as a Sudra begets on a Brahmana female a being excluded (from the Aryan community), even so (a person himself) excluded pro creates with (females of) the four castes (varna, sons) more (worthy of being) excluded (than he himself).
pratikūlam vartamānāḥ bāhyāḥ bāhyatarān punar . hīnāḥ hīnān prasūyante varṇān pañcadaśa eva tu .. 10.31..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.31. But men excluded (by the Aryans, vahya), who approach females of higher rank, beget races (varna) still more worthy to be excluded, low men (hina) still lower races, even fifteen (in number).
10.32. A Dasyu begets on an Ayogava (woman) a Sairandhra, who is skilled in adorning and attending (his master), who, (though) not a slave, lives like a slave, (or) subsists by snaring (animals).
10.34. A Nishada begets (on the same) a Margava (or) Dasa, who subsists by working as a boatman, (and) whom the inhabitants of Aryavarta call a Kaivarta.
10.36. From a Nishada springs (by a woman of the Vaideha caste) a Karavara, who works in leather; and from a Vaidehaka (by women of the Karavara and Nishada castes), an Andhra and a Meda, who dwell outside the village.
niṣāda-strī tu caṇḍālāt putram antyāvasāyinam . śmaśāna-gocaram sūte bāhyānām api garhitam .. 10.39..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.39. A Nishada woman bears to a Kandala a son (called) Antyavasayin, employed in burial-grounds, and despised even by those excluded (from the Aryan community).
10.40. These races, (which originate) in a confusion (of the castes and) have been described according to their fathers and mothers, may be known by their occupations, whether they conceal or openly show themselves.
10.41. Six sons, begotten (by Aryans) on women of equal and the next lower castes (Anantara), have the duties of twice-born men; but all those born in consequence of a violation (of the law) are, as regards their duties, equal to Sudras.
तपोबीजप्रभावैस्तु ते गच्छन्ति युगे युगे । उत्कर्षं चापकर्षं च मनुष्येष्विह जन्मतः ॥ १०.४२॥
PADACHEDA
तपः-बीज-प्रभावैः तु ते गच्छन्ति युगे युगे । उत्कर्षम् च अपकर्षम् च मनुष्येषु इह जन्मतः ॥ १०।४२॥
TRANSLITERATION
tapaḥ-bīja-prabhāvaiḥ tu te gacchanti yuge yuge . utkarṣam ca apakarṣam ca manuṣyeṣu iha janmataḥ .. 10.42..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.42. By the power of austerities and of the seed (from which they sprang), these (races) obtain here among men more exalted or lower rank in successive births.
śanakais tu kriyā-lopāt imāḥ kṣatriya-jātayaḥ . vṛṣala-tvam gatāḥ loke brāhmaṇa-atikrameṇa ca .. 10.43..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.43. But in consequence of the omission of the sacred rites, and of their not consulting Brahmanas, the following tribes of Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of Sudras;
10.44. (Viz.) the Paundrakas, the Kodas, the Dravidas, the Kambogas, the Yavanas, the Sakas, the Paradas, the Pahlavas, the Kinas, the Kiratas, and the Daradas.
मुखबाहूरुपद्जानां या लोके जातयो बहिः । म्लेच्छवाचश्चार्यवाचः सर्वे ते दस्यवः स्मृताः ॥ १०.४५॥
PADACHEDA
मुख-बाहु-ऊरु-पद्-जानाम् याः लोके जातयः बहिस् । म्लेच्छ-वाचः च आर्य-वाचः सर्वे ते दस्यवः स्मृताः ॥ १०।४५॥
TRANSLITERATION
mukha-bāhu-ūru-pad-jānām yāḥ loke jātayaḥ bahis . mleccha-vācaḥ ca ārya-vācaḥ sarve te dasyavaḥ smṛtāḥ .. 10.45..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.45. All those tribes in this world, which are excluded from (the community of) those born from the mouth, the arms, the thighs, and the feet (of Brahman), are called Dasyus, whether they speak the language of the Mlekkhas (barbarians) or that of the Aryans.
ये द्विजानामपसदा ये चापध्वंसजाः स्मृताः । ते निन्दितैर्वर्तयेयुर्द्विजानामेव कर्मभिः ॥ १०.४६॥
PADACHEDA
ये द्विजानाम् अपसदाः ये च अपध्वंस-जाः स्मृताः । ते निन्दितैः वर्तयेयुः द्विजानाम् एव कर्मभिः ॥ १०।४६॥
TRANSLITERATION
ye dvijānām apasadāḥ ye ca apadhvaṃsa-jāḥ smṛtāḥ . te ninditaiḥ vartayeyuḥ dvijānām eva karmabhiḥ .. 10.46..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.46. Those who have been mentioned as the base-born (offspring, apasada) of Aryans, or as produced in consequence of a violation (of the law, apadhvamsaga), shall subsist by occupations reprehended by the twice- born.
10.47. To Sutas (belongs) the management of horses and of chariots; to Ambashthas, the art of healing; to Vaidehakas, the service of women; to Magadhas, trade;
10.50. Near well-known trees and burial-grounds, on mountains and in groves, let these (tribes) dwell, known (by certain marks), and subsisting by their peculiar occupations.
caṇḍāla-śvapacānām tu bahis grāmāt pratiśrayaḥ . apapātrāḥ ca kartavyāḥ dhanam eṣām śva-gardabham .. 10.51..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.51. But the dwellings of Kandalas and Svapakas shall be outside the village, they must be made Apapatras, and their wealth (shall be) dogs and donkeys.
10.52. Their dress (shall be) the garments of the dead, (they shall eat) their food from broken dishes, black iron (shall be) their ornaments, and they must always wander from place to place.
na taiḥ samayam anvicchet puruṣaḥ dharmam ācaran . vyavahāraḥ mithas teṣām vivāhaḥ sadṛśaiḥ saha .. 10.53..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.53. A man who fulfils a religious duty, shall not seek intercourse with them; their transactions (shall be) among themselves, and their marriages with their equals.
अन्नमेषां पराधीनं देयं स्याद्भिन्नभाजने । रात्रौ न विचरेयुस्ते ग्रामेषु नगरेषु च ॥ १०.५४॥
PADACHEDA
अन्नम् एषाम् पर-अधीनम् देयम् स्यात् भिन्न-भाजने । रात्रौ न विचरेयुः ते ग्रामेषु नगरेषु च ॥ १०।५४॥
TRANSLITERATION
annam eṣām para-adhīnam deyam syāt bhinna-bhājane . rātrau na vicareyuḥ te grāmeṣu nagareṣu ca .. 10.54..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.54. Their food shall be given to them by others (than an Aryan giver) in a broken dish; at night they shall not walk about in villages and in towns.
divā careyuḥ kārya-artham cihnitāḥ rāja-śāsanaiḥ . abāndhavam śavam ca eva nirhareyuḥ iti sthitiḥ .. 10.55..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.55. By day they may go about for the purpose of their work, distinguished by marks at the king’s command, and they shall carry out the corpses (of persons) who have no relatives; that is a settled rule.
वध्यान् च हन्युः सततम् यथाशास्त्रम् नृप-आज्ञया । वध्य-वासांसि गृह्णीयुः शय्याः च आभरणानि च ॥ १०।५६॥
TRANSLITERATION
vadhyān ca hanyuḥ satatam yathāśāstram nṛpa-ājñayā . vadhya-vāsāṃsi gṛhṇīyuḥ śayyāḥ ca ābharaṇāni ca .. 10.56..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.56. By the king’s order they shall always execute the criminals, in accordance with the law, and they shall take for themselves the clothes, the beds, and the ornaments of (such) criminals.
10.57. A man of impure origin, who belongs not to any caste, (varna, but whose character is) not known, who, (though) not an Aryan, has the appearance of an Aryan, one may discover by his acts.
kule mukhye api jātasya yasya syāt yoni-saṅkaraḥ . saṃśrayati eva tad-śīlam naraḥ alpam api vā bahu .. 10.60..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.60. Even if a man, born in a great family, sprang from criminal intercourse, he will certainly possess the faults of his (father), be they small or great.
10.62. Dying, without the expectation of a reward, for the sake of Brahmanas and of cows, or in the defence of women and children, secures beatitude to those excluded (from the Aryan community, vahya.)
10.63. Abstention from injuring (creatures), veracity, abstention from unlawfully appropriating (the goods of others), purity, and control of the organs, Manu has declared to be the summary of the law for the four castes.
10.64. If (a female of the caste), sprung from a Brahmana and a Sudra female, bear (children) to one of the highest caste, the inferior (tribe) attains the highest caste within the seventh generation.
शूद्रः ब्राह्मण-ताम् एति ब्राह्मणः च एति शूद्र-ताम् । क्षत्रियात् जातम् एवम् तु विद्यात् वैश्यात् तथा एव च ॥ १०।६५॥
TRANSLITERATION
śūdraḥ brāhmaṇa-tām eti brāhmaṇaḥ ca eti śūdra-tām . kṣatriyāt jātam evam tu vidyāt vaiśyāt tathā eva ca .. 10.65..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.65. (Thus) a Sudra attains the rank of a Brahmana, and (in a similar manner) a Brahmana sinks to the level of a Sudra; but know that it is the same with the offspring of a Kshatriya or of a Vaisya.
anāryāyām samutpannaḥ brāhmaṇāt tu yadṛcchayā . brāhmaṇyām api anāryāt tu śreyastvam kasya cit bhavet.. 10.66..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.66. If (a doubt) should arise, with whom the preeminence (is, whether) with him whom an Aryan by chance begot on a non-Aryan female, or (with the son) of a Brahmana woman by a non-Aryan,
10.67. The decision is as follows: ’He who was begotten by an Aryan on a non-Aryan female, may become (like to) an Aryan by his virtues; he whom an Aryan (mother) bore to a non-Aryan father ( is and remains) unlike to an Aryan.
tau ubhau api a saṃskāryau iti dharmaḥ vyavasthitaḥ . vaiguṇyāt janmataḥ pūrvaḥ uttaraḥ pratilomataḥ .. 10.68..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.68. The law prescribes that neither of the two shall receive the sacraments, the first (being excluded) on account of the lowness of his origin, the second (because the union of his parents was) against the order of the castes.
सु बीजम् च एव सु क्षेत्रे जातम् सम्पद्यते यथा । तथा आर्यात् जातः आर्यायाम् सर्वम् संस्कारम् अर्हति ॥ १०।६९॥
TRANSLITERATION
su bījam ca eva su kṣetre jātam sampadyate yathā . tathā āryāt jātaḥ āryāyām sarvam saṃskāram arhati .. 10.69..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.69. As good seed, springing up in good soil, turns out perfectly well, even so the son of an Aryan by an Aryan woman is worthy of all the sacraments.
bījam eke praśaṃsanti kṣetram anye manīṣiṇaḥ . bīja-kṣetre tathā eva anye tatra eyam tu vyavasthitiḥ .. 10.70..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.70. Some sages declare the seed to be more important, and others the field; again others (assert that) the seed and the field (are equally important); but the legal decision on this point is as follows:
यस्मात् बीज-प्रभावेण तिर्यग्जाः ऋषयः अभवन् । पूजिताः च प्रशस्ताः च तस्मात् बीजम् विशिष्यते॥ १०।७२॥
TRANSLITERATION
yasmāt bīja-prabhāveṇa tiryagjāḥ ṛṣayaḥ abhavan . pūjitāḥ ca praśastāḥ ca tasmāt bījam viśiṣyate.. 10.72..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.72. As through the power of the seed (sons) born of animals became sages who are honoured and praised, hence the seed is declared to be more important.
अनार्यमार्यकर्माणमार्यं चानार्यकर्मिणम् । सम्प्रधार्याब्रवीद्धाता न समौ नासमाविति ॥ १०.७३॥
PADACHEDA
अनार्यम् आर्य-कर्माणम् आर्यम् च अनार्य-कर्मिणम् । सम्प्रधार्य अब्रवीत् धाता न समौ न असमौ इति ॥ १०।७३॥
TRANSLITERATION
anāryam ārya-karmāṇam āryam ca anārya-karmiṇam . sampradhārya abravīt dhātā na samau na asamau iti .. 10.73..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.73. Having considered (the case of) a non-Aryan who acts like an Aryan, and (that of) an Aryan who acts like a non-Aryan, the creator declared, ’Those two are neither equal nor unequal.’
ब्राह्मणा ब्रह्मयोनिस्था ये स्वकर्मण्यवस्थिताः । ते सम्यगुपजीवेयुः षट् कर्माणि यथाक्रमम् ॥ १०.७४॥
PADACHEDA
ब्राह्मणाः ब्रह्म-योनि-स्थाः ये स्व-कर्मणि अवस्थिताः । ते सम्यक् उपजीवेयुः षड् कर्माणि यथाक्रमम् ॥ १०।७४॥
TRANSLITERATION
brāhmaṇāḥ brahma-yoni-sthāḥ ye sva-karmaṇi avasthitāḥ . te samyak upajīveyuḥ ṣaḍ karmāṇi yathākramam .. 10.74..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.74. Brahmanas who are intent on the means (of gaining union with) Brahman and firm in (discharging) their duties, shall live by duly performing the following six acts, (which are enumerated) in their (proper) order.
अध्यापनम् अध्ययनम् यजनम् याजनम् तथा । दानम् प्रतिग्रहः च एव षट् कर्माणि अग्रजन्मनः ॥ १०।७५॥
TRANSLITERATION
adhyāpanam adhyayanam yajanam yājanam tathā . dānam pratigrahaḥ ca eva ṣaṭ karmāṇi agrajanmanaḥ .. 10.75..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.75. Teaching, studying, sacrificing for himself, sacrificing for others, making gifts and receiving them are the six acts (prescribed) for a Brahmana.
षण्णाम् तु कर्मणाम् अस्य त्रीणि कर्माणि जीविका । याजन-अध्यापने च एव विशुद्धात् च प्रतिग्रहः ॥ १०।७६॥
TRANSLITERATION
ṣaṇṇām tu karmaṇām asya trīṇi karmāṇi jīvikā . yājana-adhyāpane ca eva viśuddhāt ca pratigrahaḥ .. 10.76..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.76. But among the six acts (ordained) for him three are his means of subsistence, (viz.) sacrificing for others, teaching, and accepting gifts from pure men.
त्रयो धर्मा निवर्तन्ते ब्राह्मणात्क्षत्रियं प्रति । अध्यापनं याजनं च तृतीयश्च प्रतिग्रहः ॥ १०.७७॥
PADACHEDA
त्रयः धर्माः निवर्तन्ते ब्राह्मणात् क्षत्रियम् प्रति । अध्यापनम् याजनम् च तृतीयः च प्रतिग्रहः ॥ १०।७७॥
TRANSLITERATION
trayaḥ dharmāḥ nivartante brāhmaṇāt kṣatriyam prati . adhyāpanam yājanam ca tṛtīyaḥ ca pratigrahaḥ .. 10.77..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.77. (Passing) from the Brahmana to the Kshatriya, three acts (incumbent on the former) are forbidden, (viz.) teaching, sacrificing for others, and, thirdly, the acceptance of gifts.
वैश्यं प्रति तथैवैते निवर्तेरन्निति स्थितिः । न तौ प्रति हितान् धर्मान् मनुराह प्रजापतिः ॥ १०.७८॥
PADACHEDA
वैश्यम् प्रति तथा एव एते निवर्तेरन् इति स्थितिः । न तौ प्रति हितान् धर्मान् मनुः आह प्रजापतिः ॥ १०।७८॥
TRANSLITERATION
vaiśyam prati tathā eva ete nivarteran iti sthitiḥ . na tau prati hitān dharmān manuḥ āha prajāpatiḥ .. 10.78..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.78. The same are likewise forbidden to a Vaisya, that is a settled rule; for Manu, the lord of creatures (Pragapati), has not prescribed them for (men of) those two (castes).
10.79. To carry arms for striking and for throwing (is prescribed) for Kshatriyas as a means of subsistence; to trade, (to rear) cattle, and agriculture for Vaisyas; but their duties are liberality, the study of the Veda, and the performance of sacrifices.
veda-abhyāsaḥ brāhmaṇasya kṣatriyasya ca rakṣaṇam . vārtā-karma eva vaiśyasya viśiṣṭāni sva-karmasu .. 10.80..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.80. Among the several occupations the most commendable are, teaching the Veda for a Brahmana, protecting (the people) for a Kshatriya, and trade for a Vaisya.
अ जीवन् तु यथा उक्तेन ब्राह्मणः स्वेन कर्मणा । जीवेत् क्षत्रिय-धर्मेण स हि अस्य प्रत्यनन्तरः ॥ १०।८१॥
TRANSLITERATION
a jīvan tu yathā uktena brāhmaṇaḥ svena karmaṇā . jīvet kṣatriya-dharmeṇa sa hi asya pratyanantaraḥ .. 10.81..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.81. But a Brahmana, unable to subsist by his peculiar occupations just mentioned, may live according to the law applicable to Kshatriyas; for the latter is next to him in rank.
ubhābhyām api a jīvan tu katham syāt iti ced bhavet . kṛṣi-gorakṣam āsthāya jīvet vaiśyasya jīvikām .. 10.82..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.82. If it be asked, ’How shall it be, if he cannot maintain himself by either (of these occupations?’ the answer is), he may adopt a Vaisya’s mode of life, employing himself in agriculture and rearing cattle.
vaiśya-vṛttyā api jīvan tu brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyaḥ api vā . hiṃsā-prāyām para-adhīnām kṛṣim yatnena varjayet .. 10.83..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.83. But a Brahmana, or a Kshatriya, living by a Vaisya’s mode of subsistence, shall carefully avoid (the pursuit of) agriculture, (which causes) injury to many beings and depends on others.
kṛṣim sādhu iti manyante sā vṛttiḥ sat-vigarhitāḥ . bhūmim bhūmiśayān ca eva hanti kāṣṭham ayaḥ-mukham .. 10.84..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.84. (Some) declare that agriculture is something excellent, (but) that means of subsistence is blamed by the virtuous; (for) the wooden (implement) with iron point injuries the earth and (the beings) living in the earth.
idam tu vṛtti-vaikalyāt tyajataḥ dharma-naipuṇam . viṭpaṇyam uddhṛtoddhāram vikreyam vitta-vardhanam .. 10.85..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.85. But he who, through a want of means of subsistence, gives up the strictness with respect to his duties, may sell, in order to increase his wealth, the commodities sold by Vaisyas, making (however) the (following) exceptions.
kāmam utpādya kṛṣyām tu svayam eva kṛṣīvalaḥ . vikrīṇīta tilān śuddhān dharma-artham acira-sthitān .. 10.90..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.90. But he who subsists by agriculture, may at pleasure sell unmixed sesamum grains for sacred purposes, provided he himself has grown them and has not kept them long.
10.91. If he applies sesamum to any other purpose but food, anointing, and charitable gifts, he will be born (again) as a worm and, together with his ancestors, be plunged into the ordure of dogs.
रसा रसैर्निमातव्या न त्वेव लवणं रसैः । कृतान्नं च कृतान्नेन तिला धान्येन तत्समाः ॥ १०.९४॥
PADACHEDA
रसाः रसैः निमातव्याः न तु एव लवणम् रसैः । कृतान्नम् च कृतान्नेन तिलाः धान्येन तद्-समाः ॥ १०।९४॥
TRANSLITERATION
rasāḥ rasaiḥ nimātavyāḥ na tu eva lavaṇam rasaiḥ . kṛtānnam ca kṛtānnena tilāḥ dhānyena tad-samāḥ .. 10.94..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.94. Condiments may be bartered for condiments, but by no means salt for (other) condiments; cooked food (may be exchanged) for (other kinds of) cooked food, and sesamum seeds for grain in equal quantities.
jīvet etena rājanyaḥ sarveṇa api anayam gataḥ . na tu eva jyāyaṃsīm vṛttim abhimanyeta karhi cit .. 10.95..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.95. A Kshatriya who has fallen into distress, may subsist by all these (means); but he must never arrogantly adopt the mode of life (prescribed for his) betters.
10.97. It is better (to discharge) one’s own (appointed) duty incompletely than to perform completely that of another; for he who lives according to the law of another (caste) is instantly excluded from his own.
vaiśyaḥ a jīvan svadharmeṇa śūdra-vṛttyā api vartayet . an ācaran akāryāṇi nivarteta ca śaktimān .. 10.98..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.98. A Vaisya who is unable to subsist by his own duties, may even maintain himself by a Sudra’s mode of life, avoiding (however) acts forbidden (to him), and he should give it up, when he is able (to do so).
10.99. But a Sudra, being unable to find service with the twice-born and threatened with the loss of his sons and wife (through hunger), may maintain himself by handicrafts.
10.101. A Brahmana who is distressed through a want of means of subsistence and pines (with hunger), (but) unwilling to adopt a Vaisya’s mode of life and resolved to follow his own (prescribed) path, may act in the following manner.
sarvatas pratigṛhṇīyāt brāhmaṇaḥ tu anayam gataḥ . pavitram duṣyati iti etat dharmataḥ na upapadyate .. 10.102..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.102. A Brahmana who has fallen into distress may accept (gifts) from anybody; for according to the law it is not possible (to assert) that anything pure can be sullied.
नाध्यापनाद्याजनाद्वा गर्हिताद्वा प्रतिग्रहात् । दोषो भवति विप्राणां ज्वलनाम्बुसमा हि ते ॥ १०.१०३॥
PADACHEDA
न अध्यापनात् याजनात् वा गर्हितात् वा प्रतिग्रहात् । दोषः भवति विप्राणाम् ज्वलन-अम्बु-समाः हि ते ॥ १०।१०३॥
TRANSLITERATION
na adhyāpanāt yājanāt vā garhitāt vā pratigrahāt . doṣaḥ bhavati viprāṇām jvalana-ambu-samāḥ hi te .. 10.103..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.103. By teaching, by sacrificing for, and by accepting gifts from despicable (men) Brahmanas (in distress) commit not sin; for they (are as pure) as fire and water.
अजीगर्तः सुतं हन्तुमुपासर्पद्बुभुक्षितः । न चालिप्यत पापेन क्षुत्प्रतीकारमाचरन् ॥ १०.१०५॥
PADACHEDA
अजीगर्तः सुतम् हन्तुम् उपासर्पत् बुभुक्षितः । न च अलिप्यत पापेन क्षुध्-प्रतीकारम् आचरन् ॥ १०।१०५॥
TRANSLITERATION
ajīgartaḥ sutam hantum upāsarpat bubhukṣitaḥ . na ca alipyata pāpena kṣudh-pratīkāram ācaran .. 10.105..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.105. Agigarta, who suffered hunger, approached in order to slay (his own) son, and was not tainted by sin, since he (only) sought a remedy against famishing.
10.106. Vamadeva, who well knew right and wrong, did not sully himself when, tormented (by hunger), he desired to eat the flesh of a dog in order to save his life.
bharadvājaḥ kṣudhā-ārtaḥ tu sa putraḥ vijane vane . bahvīḥ gāḥ pratijagrāha vṛdhoḥ takṣṇaḥ mahā-tapāḥ .. 10.107..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.107. Bharadvaga, a performer of great austerities, accepted many cows from the carpenter Bribu, when he was starving together with his sons in a lonely forest.
10.108. Visvamitra, who well knew what is right or wrong, approached, when he was tormented by hunger, (to eat) the haunch of a dog, receiving it the hands of a Kandala.
प्रतिग्रहात् याजनात् वा तथा एव अध्यापनात् अपि । प्रतिग्रहः प्रत्यवरः प्रेत्य विप्रस्य गर्हितः ॥ १०।१०९॥
TRANSLITERATION
pratigrahāt yājanāt vā tathā eva adhyāpanāt api . pratigrahaḥ pratyavaraḥ pretya viprasya garhitaḥ .. 10.109..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.109. On (comparing) the acceptance (of gifts from low men), sacrificing (for them), and teaching (them), the acceptance of gifts is the meanest (of those acts) and (most) reprehensible for a Brahmana (on account of its results) in the next life.
yājana-adhyāpane nityam kriyete saṃskṛta-ātmanām . pratigrahaḥ tu kriyate śūdrāt api antyajanmanaḥ .. 10.110..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.110. (For) assisting in sacrifices and teaching are (two acts) always performed for men who have received the sacraments; but the acceptance of gifts takes place even in (case the giver is) a Sudra of the lowest class.
japa-homaiḥ apeti enaḥ yājana-adhyāpanaiḥ kṛtam . pratigraha-nimittam tu tyāgena tapasā eva ca .. 10.111..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.111. The guilt incurred by offering sacrifices for teaching (unworthy men) is removed by muttering (sacred texts) and by burnt offerings, but that incurred by accepting gifts (from them) by throwing (the gifts) away and by austerities.
śila-oñcham api ādadīta vipraḥ a jīvan yatas tatas . pratigrahāt śilaḥ śreyān tatas api uñchaḥ praśasyate .. 10.112..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.112. A Brahmana who is unable to maintain himself, should (rather) glean ears or grains from (the field of) any (man); gleaning ears is better than accepting gifts, picking up single grains is declared to be still more laudable.
10.113. If Brahmanas, who are Snatakas, are pining with hunger, or in want of (utensils made of) common metals, or of other property, they may ask the king for them; if he is not disposed to be liberal, he must be left.
अकृतं च कृतात्क्षेत्राद्गौरजाविकमेव च । हिरण्यं धान्यमन्नं च पूर्वं पूर्वमदोषवत् ॥ १०.११४॥
PADACHEDA
अकृतम् च कृतात् क्षेत्रात् गौः अज-आविकम् एव च । हिरण्यम् धान्यम् अन्नम् च पूर्वम् पूर्वम् अदोषवत् ॥ १०।११४॥
TRANSLITERATION
akṛtam ca kṛtāt kṣetrāt gauḥ aja-āvikam eva ca . hiraṇyam dhānyam annam ca pūrvam pūrvam adoṣavat .. 10.114..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.114. (The acceptance on an untilled field is less blamable than (that of) a tilled one; (with respect to) cows, goats, sheep, gold, grain, and cooked food, (the acceptance of) each earlier-named (article is less blamable than of the following ones).
सप्त वित्तागमाः धर्म्याः दायः लाभः क्रयः जयः । प्रयोगः कर्म-योगः च सत्-प्रतिग्रहः एव च ॥ १०।११५॥
TRANSLITERATION
sapta vittāgamāḥ dharmyāḥ dāyaḥ lābhaḥ krayaḥ jayaḥ . prayogaḥ karma-yogaḥ ca sat-pratigrahaḥ eva ca .. 10.115..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.115. There are seven lawful modes of acquiring property, (viz.) inheritance, finding or friendly donation, purchase, conquest, lending at interest, the performance of work, and the acceptance of gifts from virtuous men.
10.116. Learning, mechanical arts, work for wages, service, rearing cattle, traffic, agriculture, contentment (with little), alms, and receiving interest on money, are the ten modes of subsistence (permitted to all men in times of distress).
ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियः वा अपि वृद्धिम् न एव प्रयोजयेत् । कामम् तु खलु धर्म-अर्थम् दद्यात् पापीयसे अल्पिकाम् ॥ १०।११७॥
TRANSLITERATION
brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyaḥ vā api vṛddhim na eva prayojayet . kāmam tu khalu dharma-artham dadyāt pāpīyase alpikām .. 10.117..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.117. Neither a Brahmana, nor a Kshatriya must lend (money at) interest; but at his pleasure (either of them) may, in times of distress when he requires money) for sacred purposes, lend to a very sinful man at a small interest.
10.118. A Kshatriya (king) who, in times of distress, takes even the fourth part (of the crops), is free from guilt, if he protects his subjects to the best of his ability.
10.119. His peculiar duty is conquest, and he must not turn back in danger; having protected the Vaisyas by his weapons, he may cause the legal tax to be collected;
10.120. (Viz.) from Vaisyas one-eighth as the tax on grain, one-twentieth (on the profits on gold and cattle), which amount at least to one Karshapana; Sudras, artisans, and mechanics (shall) benefit (the king) by (doing) work (for him).
śūdraḥ tu vṛttim ākāṅkṣan kṣatramaḥ ārādhayet iti . dhaninam vā api upārādhya vaiśyam śūdraḥ jijīviṣet .. 10.121..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.121. If a Sudra, (unable to subsist by serving Brahmanas,) seeks a livelihood, he may serve Kshatriyas, or he may also seek to maintain himself by attending on a wealthy Vaisya.
स्वर्ग-अर्थम् उभय-अर्थम् वा विप्रान् आराधयेत् तु सः । जातब्राह्मण-शब्दस्य सा हि अस्य कृतकृत्य-ता ॥ १०।१२२॥
TRANSLITERATION
svarga-artham ubhaya-artham vā viprān ārādhayet tu saḥ . jātabrāhmaṇa-śabdasya sā hi asya kṛtakṛtya-tā .. 10.122..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.122. But let a (Sudra) serve Brahmanas, either for the sake of heaven, or with a view to both (this life and the next); for he who is called the servant of a Brahmana thereby gains all his ends
vipra-sevā eva śūdrasya viśiṣṭam karma kīrtyate . yat atas anyadhi kurute tat bhavati asya niṣphalam .. 10.123..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.123. The service of Brahmanas alone is declared (to be) an excellent occupation for a Sudra; for whatever else besides this he may perform will bear him no fruit.
प्रकल्प्या तस्य तैर्वृत्तिः स्वकुटुम्बाद्यथार्हतः । शक्तिं चावेक्ष्य दाक्ष्यं च भृत्यानां च परिग्रहम् ॥ १०.१२४॥
PADACHEDA
प्रकल्प्या तस्य तैः वृत्तिः स्व-कुटुम्बात् यथार्हतः । शक्तिम् च अवेक्ष्य दाक्ष्यम् च भृत्यानाम् च परिग्रहम् ॥ १०।१२४॥
TRANSLITERATION
prakalpyā tasya taiḥ vṛttiḥ sva-kuṭumbāt yathārhataḥ . śaktim ca avekṣya dākṣyam ca bhṛtyānām ca parigraham .. 10.124..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.124. They must allot to him out of their own family (-property) a suitable maintenance, after considering his ability, his industry, and the number of those whom he is bound to support.
न शूद्रे पातकं किं चिन्न च संस्कारमर्हति । नास्याधिकारो धर्मेऽस्ति न धर्मात्प्रतिषेधनम् ॥ १०.१२६॥
PADACHEDA
न शूद्रे पातकम् किम् चित् न च संस्कारम् अर्हति । न अस्य अधिकारः धर्मे अस्ति न धर्मात् प्रतिषेधनम् ॥ १०।१२६॥
TRANSLITERATION
na śūdre pātakam kim cit na ca saṃskāram arhati . na asya adhikāraḥ dharme asti na dharmāt pratiṣedhanam .. 10.126..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.126. A Sudra cannot commit an offence, causing loss of caste (pataka), and he is not worthy to receive the sacraments; he has no right to (fulfil) the sacred law (of the Aryans, yet) there is no prohibition against (his fulfilling certain portions of) the law.
धर्मैप्सवस्तु धर्मज्ञाः सतां वृत्तमनुष्ठिताः । सतां धर्मं मन्त्रवर्जं न दुष्यन्ति प्रशंसां प्राप्नुवन्ति च ॥ १०.१२७॥
PADACHEDA
धर्म-एप्सवः तु धर्म-ज्ञाः सताम् वृत्तम् अनुष्ठिताः । सताम् धर्मम् मन्त्र-वर्जम् न दुष्यन्ति प्रशंसाम् प्राप्नुवन्ति च ॥ १०।१२७॥
TRANSLITERATION
dharma-epsavaḥ tu dharma-jñāḥ satām vṛttam anuṣṭhitāḥ . satām dharmam mantra-varjam na duṣyanti praśaṃsām prāpnuvanti ca .. 10.127..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.127. (Sudras) who are desirous to gain merit, and know (their) duty, commit no sin, but gain praise, if they imitate the practice of virtuous men without reciting sacred texts.
यथा यथा हि सद्वृत्तमातिष्ठत्यनसूयकः । तथा तथैमं चामुं च लोकं प्राप्नोत्यनिन्दितः ॥ १०.१२८॥
PADACHEDA
यथा यथा हि सत्-वृत्तम् आतिष्ठति अनसूयकः । तथा तथा एमम् च अमुम् च लोकम् प्राप्नोति अनिन्दितः ॥ १०।१२८॥
TRANSLITERATION
yathā yathā hi sat-vṛttam ātiṣṭhati anasūyakaḥ . tathā tathā emam ca amum ca lokam prāpnoti aninditaḥ .. 10.128..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.128. The more a (Sudra), keeping himself free from envy, imitates the behaviour of the virtuous, the more he gains, without being censured, (exaltation in) this world and the next.
शक्तेनापि हि शूद्रेण न कार्यो धनसञ्चयः । शूद्रो हि धनमासाद्य ब्राह्मणानेव बाधते ॥ १०.१२९॥
PADACHEDA
शक्तेन अपि हि शूद्रेण न कार्यः धन-सञ्चयः । शूद्रः हि धनम् आसाद्य ब्राह्मणान् एव बाधते ॥ १०।१२९॥
TRANSLITERATION
śaktena api hi śūdreṇa na kāryaḥ dhana-sañcayaḥ . śūdraḥ hi dhanam āsādya brāhmaṇān eva bādhate .. 10.129..
ENGLISH MEANING
10.129. No collection of wealth must be made by a Sudra, even though he be able (to do it); for a Sudra who has acquired wealth, gives pain to Brahmanas.
10.130. The duties of the four castes (varna) in times of distress have thus been declared, and if they perform them well, they will reach the most blessed state.