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Verbs are words which are used to represent a action which is being performed by the object.
In Samskrutam, verbs follows a different way than in which we approach verbs in the english language.
Verbs can be formed in many way but we will use Panini's Ashtadhyayi to undertand how they are formed in a simple way.
[ सुप्तिङन्तं पदम्। १.४.१४ ] is the 14 sutra from the 1 adhyaya, 4th chapter of Panini Ashtadhyayi. When we bifurcate the sutra we get four words, Sup, tiṅ, anta and padam [sup-tiṅ-antam padam],
This means that which end in sup or tiṅ is called a pada or word.
sup and tiṅ are both pratyāhāras that refer to different word endings. tiṅ refers to the endings used for verbs. So in the Ashtadhyayi system, verbs are called tiṅ-anta (“ending in a tiṅ suffix”).
Each verb is made of three parts, the prefix , root which hold the meaning or essence of the verb and suffix or ending which is based on the sutras given in Ashtadhyayi.
Panini ashtadhyayi has another book by the name of Dhatupatha which consists of over 2000 dhatu or verb roots.
This is given as the first sutra of 3rd chapter of 1 adhyaya.
भूवादयो धातवः। १.३.१
This sutra is bifurcated into two words, Bhu[भूवादयो], which means alist of words and धातव means dhatu. This is the list which is mentioned in Dhatupatha.
Now , a root alone is not enough to convey the action which is being performed. We need to know who and how many are performing the action. For this we use what is called Suffix or endings. All suffixes which are described in Ashtadhyayi start from sound l, therefore they are called as lakars / [लकार] or tenses.
In the Paninian system we have 6 lakars which represent 6 kind of time [3 for Past, 1 for Present and 2 for Future] called kāla / [काल] and 4 moods called artha / [अर्थ].
All of them are explained in detail in the Ashtadhyayi which is only 40,000 letters long consisting around 4000 sutras.
Past Tense
[ ( भूते। ३.२.८४ ), ( लुङ्। ३.२.११० ) ,( अनद्यतने लङ्। ३.२.१११ ) , ( परोक्षे लिट्। ३.२.११५ ) ]
In bhūta (the past tense),
The pratyaya luṅ is added after a dhātu in the sense of past action.
The pratyaya laṅ is added after a dhātu in the sense of past action that did not occur today, and
The pratyaya liṭ added after a dhātu in the sense of past action that was not witnessed by anyone.
The Example for 3 lakar for the past tense are,
1. For luṅ - अभूत् - He Was
2. For laṅ - अवदत् - He Said
3. For liṭ - ननाम - He Prayed
After this, Sage Panini explained the case of Present tense with this sutra.
Present Tense
[ वर्तमाने लट्। ३.२.१२३ ]
The pratyaya laṭ is added after a dhātu in the sense of present action.
1. For laṭ - गच्छति - He goes
After this, Sage Panini explained the case of Future tense with this sutra.
Future Tense
[ (लृट् शेषे च। ३.३.१३) , (अनद्यतने लुट्। ३.३.१५) ]
The pratyaya lṛt is added after a dhātu in the sense of future action.
The pratyaya luṭ is added after a dhātu in the sense of future action that will not occur today.
1. For lṛt - गमिष्यति - He will Go
2. For luṭ - भविता - He will be
The 4 arthas are :
Imperative Mood - लोट्
Potential Mood - विधिलिङ्
Benedictive Mood - आशिर्लिङ्
Conditional Mood - लृङ्
Out of this 4 moods, Potential Mood is the most used in Samskrutam grammar and must be remembered by all Samskrutam learners.
This verb ending is used to refer something or some action which should be done, whether it is done or not done is upto the object in question. It is refering to the potential of something which must be done.
If the fruits of an action go to other people, then parasmaipadi is used.
बालाः संस्कृत्म पठति - A Child is studying Samskrutam.
To Wander
90 Words
To Go Constantly, लगातार जाना
90 Words
To Worship
90 Words
To Desire / इच्छा करना
90 Words
To Do / करना
90 Words
To Speak / बात करना
90 Words
To Go / चलना
90 Words
To Smell / सूंघना
90 Words
To Comprehend / समझना
90 Words
To Heat / गर्मी के लिए
90 Words
To Give / देना
90 Words
To Milk / दूध दुहना
90 Words
To Meditate / ध्यान करना
90 Words
To Sound / ध्वनि करना
90 Words
To Bow / नमन करना
90 Words
To Lead / आगे होना
90 Words
To Drink / पीना
90 Words
To Cook / खाना बनाना
90 Words
To Eat / खाना
90 Words
To Worship / पूजा करना
90 Words
To Be / होना
90 Words
To Fill / भरना
90 Words
To Liberate / स्वतंत्र करना
90 Words
To Faint / चक्कर आना
90 Words
To Worship / पूजा करना
90 Words
To Speak / बात करना
90 Words
To Sow / बोना
90 Words
To Flow / प्रवाह
90 Words
To Go / चलना
90 Words
To Grieve / शोक मनाना
90 Words
To Hear / सुनना
90 Words
To Sit / बेठना
90 Words
To Go / चलना
90 Words
To Move / आगे बढना
90 Words
To Remember / याद करना
90 Words
To Take away / ले जाना
90 Words
If the action is done for personal benefit, then Atmanepadi is used.
भक्त: देवं वन्दते - person salutes to the God and he alone gets the benefits of it.
To Go / चल देना
90 Words
To Sit
90 Words
To Increase / बढना
90 Words
To Shake / हिलना
90 Words
To Do / करना
90 Words
To be Born / पैदा होना
90 Words
To Give / देना
90 Words
To Give / देना
90 Words
To Milk / दूध दुहना
90 Words
To Lead / आगे होना
90 Words
To Cook / खाना बनाना
90 Words
To Eat / खाना
90 Words
To Worship / पूजा करना
90 Words
To Fill / भरना
90 Words
To Liberate / स्वतंत्र करना
90 Words
To Worship / पूजा करना
90 Words
To Salute / सलाम करना
90 Words
To Sow / बोना
90 Words
To Flow / प्रवाह
90 Words
To Increase / तेज करना
90 Words
To Shine / चमकना
90 Words
To Serve / सेवा करना
90 Words
To envy with / ईर्ष्या करना
90 Words
To Take away / ले जाना
90 Words
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