vibhaktiḥ
Word cases in Samskrutam are a particular form which a word takes to be used in a particular context which has a specific meaning. This meaning differs according to the doer and action being performed.
Samskrutam like english also has 8 cases but in a slightly more logical and intuitive manner. The 8 cases are,
Nominative Case, Accusative Case, Instrumental Case, Dative Case, Ablative Case, Genitive Case, Locative Case and Vocative Case .
There is another terms which is used in the context of Vibhakti which is karak / [कारकम्] which hold the meaning of the case or vibhakti. For 8 Vibhakti we also have 8 karak which are explained in detail below.
Nominative Case - The Doer of the action (Click to expand)
Nominative case is used for the subject in the sentence; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is कर्ता.
In Hindi, it translates to [कर्ता - ने] which refers to the subject of the sentence.
The subject in the sentence is usually the one who is performing an action or the doer of the action.
Accusative Case - The receiver of the action (Click to expand)
Accusative case is used for the object in the sentence; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is कर्म.
In Hindi, it translates to [कर्म - को] which refers to the object of the sentence.
The object in the sentence is usually the one whom the action is done to or the receiver of the action.
Instrumental Case - The helper of the action (Click to expand)
Instrumental case is used to indicate the instrument, means, or tool by which an action is performed; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is करणम्.
In Hindi, it translates to [करण - (से/द्वारा)] which refers to the object whose help was taken.
The object in the sentence is usually the thing by whose help the action is performed.
Dative Case - The thing for which action is done (Click to expand)
Dative Case is used for the thing for whom action is performed in the sentence; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is सम्प्रदानम्.
It translates to [सम्प्रदान - के लिए ] which refers to the thing for whom the action is performed.
Ablative Case - From whom the action is done (Click to expand)
Ablative Case is used for the thing from whom the action is performed in the sentence; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is अपादानम्.
In Hindi, it translates to [अपादान - से ] which refers to the thing from whom the action is performed.
The sense refers to the object from whom the action is performed.
Genitive Case - Whom the object belongs to (Click to expand)
Genitive Case is used in the sense 'Of' and describes whom the object belongs[Possession] to in the sentence; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is सम्बन्धम्.
In Hindi, it translates to [सम्बन्धम् - (का, के , कि) ] which refers that the object belongs to the doer of the action.
Locative Case - Location of object from where the action is performed (Click to expand)
Locative Case is used in to show the location of the object where the action is performed in the sentence; therefore, its karak / [कारकम्] is अधिकरणम्.
In Hindi, it translates to [अधिकरणम् - (मे ,पर) ] which refers to the location of an object from where the action is performed.
Vocative Case - To call someone (Click to expand)
Vocative Case is considered part of the Nominative Case, but its karak / [कारकम्] is सम्बोधनम्.
In Hindi, it translates to [अधिकरणम् - (हे) ] which is used when we call someone.
The 7 Cases in sanskrit are more intuitive than english because they can be easily remember by this line in hindi, it can be tranlated into english but loses the flow of words.
कर्ता ने - कर्म को - करण से - सम्प्रदान के लिए - अपादान से - संबंध के - अधिकरण मे - सम्बोधनम् - हे ।
kartā ne - karma ko - karaṇa se - sampradāna ke lie - apādāna se - saṃbaṃdha ke - adhikaraṇa me - sambodhanam - he |
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