3.1. The vow (of studying) the three Vedas under a teacher must be kept for thirty-six years, or for half that time, or for a quarter, or until the (student) has perfectly learnt them.
वेदान् अधीत्य वेदौ वा वेदम् वा अपि यथाक्रमम् । अ विप्लुत-ब्रह्मचर्यः गृहस्थ-आश्रमम् आवसेत् ॥ ३।२॥
TRANSLITERATION
vedān adhītya vedau vā vedam vā api yathākramam . a vipluta-brahmacaryaḥ gṛhastha-āśramam āvaset .. 3.2..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.2. (A student) who has studied in due order the three Vedas, or two, or even one only, without breaking the (rules of) studentship, shall enter the order of householders.
3.3. He who is famous for (the strict performance of) his duties and has received his heritage, the Veda, from his father, shall be honoured, sitting on a couch and adorned with a garland, with (the present of) a cow (and the honey-mixture).
3.4. Having bathed, with the permission of his teacher, and performed according to the rule the Samavartana (the rite on returning home), a twice-born man shall marry a wife of equal caste who is endowed with auspicious (bodily) marks.
असपिण्डा च या मातुरसगोत्रा च या पितुः । सा प्रशस्ता द्विजातीनां दारकर्मणि अमैथिनी ॥ ३.५॥
PADACHEDA
असपिण्डा च या मातुः असगोत्रा च या पितुः । सा प्रशस्ता द्विजातीनाम् दारकर्मणि अ मैथिनी ॥ ३।५॥
TRANSLITERATION
asapiṇḍā ca yā mātuḥ asagotrā ca yā pituḥ . sā praśastā dvijātīnām dārakarmaṇi a maithinī .. 3.5..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.5. A damsel who is neither a Sapinda on the mother’s side, nor belongs to the same family on the father’s side, is recommended to twice-born men for wedlock and conjugal union.
3.6. In connecting himself with a wife, let him carefully avoid the ten following families, be they ever so great, or rich in kine, horses, sheep, grain, or (other) property,
हीनक्रियं निश्पुरुषं निश्छन्दो रोमशार्शसम् । क्षय्यामयाव्य्ऽपस्मारिश्वित्रिकुष्ठिकुलानि च ॥ ३.७॥
PADACHEDA
हीन-क्रियम् निश्पुरुषम् निश्छन्दः रोमश-अर्शसम् । क्षयि-आमयावि-अपस्मारि-श्वित्रि-कुष्ठि-कुलानि च ॥ ३।७॥
TRANSLITERATION
hīna-kriyam niśpuruṣam niśchandaḥ romaśa-arśasam . kṣayi-āmayāvi-apasmāri-śvitri-kuṣṭhi-kulāni ca .. 3.7..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.7. (Viz.) one which neglects the sacred rites, one in which no male children (are born), one in which the Veda is not studied, one (the members of) which have thick hair on the body, those which are subject to hemorrhoids, phthisis, weakness of digestion, epilepsy, or white or black leprosy.
नोद्वहेत्कपिलां कन्यां नाधिकाङ्गीं न रोगिणीम् । नालोमिकां नातिलोमां न वाचालां न पिङ्गलाम् ॥ ३.८॥
PADACHEDA
न उद्वहेत् कपिलाम् कन्याम् न अधिक-अङ्गीम् न रोगिणीम् । न अलोमकाम् न अतिलोमाम् न वाचालाम् न पिङ्गलाम् ॥ ३।८॥
TRANSLITERATION
na udvahet kapilām kanyām na adhika-aṅgīm na rogiṇīm . na alomakām na atilomām na vācālām na piṅgalām .. 3.8..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.8. Let him not marry a maiden (with) reddish (hair), nor one who has a redundant member, nor one who is sickly, nor one either with no hair (on the body) or too much, nor one who is garrulous or has red (eyes),
नऋक्षवृक्षनदीनाम्नीं नान्त्यपर्वतनामिकाम् । न पक्ष्यहिप्रेष्यनाम्नीं न च भीषणनामिकाम् ॥ ३.९॥
PADACHEDA
न ऋक्ष-वृक्ष-नदी-नाम्नीम् न अन्त्य-पर्वत-नामिकाम् । न पक्षि-अहि-प्रेष्य-नाम्नीम् न च भीषण-नामिकाम् ॥ ३।९॥
TRANSLITERATION
na ṛkṣa-vṛkṣa-nadī-nāmnīm na antya-parvata-nāmikām . na pakṣi-ahi-preṣya-nāmnīm na ca bhīṣaṇa-nāmikām .. 3.9..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.9. Nor one named after a constellation, a tree, or a river, nor one bearing the name of a low caste, or of a mountain, nor one named after a bird, a snake, or a slave, nor one whose name inspires terror.
3.10. Let him wed a female free from bodily defects, who has an agreeable name, the (graceful) gait of a Hamsa or of an elephant, a moderate (quantity of) hair on the body and on the head, small teeth, and soft limbs.
यस्यास्तु न भवेद्भ्राता न विज्ञायेत वा पिता । नौपयच्छेत तां प्राज्ञः पुत्रिकाऽधर्मशङ्कया ॥ ३.११॥
PADACHEDA
यस्याः तु न भवेत् भ्राता न विज्ञायेत वा पिता । न एव उपयच्छेत ताम् प्राज्ञः पुत्रिका-अधर्म-शङ्कया ॥ ३।११॥
TRANSLITERATION
yasyāḥ tu na bhavet bhrātā na vijñāyeta vā pitā . na eva upayaccheta tām prājñaḥ putrikā-adharma-śaṅkayā .. 3.11..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.11. But a prudent man should not marry (a maiden) who has no brother, nor one whose father is not known, through fear lest (in the former case she be made) an appointed daughter (and in the latter) lest (he should commit) sin.
3.12. For the first marriage of twice-born men (wives) of equal caste are recommended; but for those who through desire proceed (to marry again) the following females, (chosen) according to the (direct) order (of the castes), are most approved.
शूद्रैव भार्या शूद्रस्य सा च स्वा च विशः स्मृते । ते च स्वा चैव राज्ञश्च ताश्च स्वा चाग्रजन्मनः ॥ ३.१३॥
PADACHEDA
शूद्रा एव भार्या शूद्रस्य सा च स्वा च विशः स्मृते । ते च स्वा च एव राज्ञः च ताः च स्वा च अग्रजन्मनः ॥ ३।१३॥
TRANSLITERATION
śūdrā eva bhāryā śūdrasya sā ca svā ca viśaḥ smṛte . te ca svā ca eva rājñaḥ ca tāḥ ca svā ca agrajanmanaḥ .. 3.13..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.13. It is declared that a Sudra woman alone (can be) the wife of a Sudra, she and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Vaisya, those two and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Kshatriya, those three and one of his own caste (the wives) of a Brahmana.
न ब्राह्मणक्षत्रिययोरापद्यपि हि तिष्ठतोः । कस्मिंश्चिदपि वृत्तान्ते शूद्रा भार्यौपदिश्यते ॥ ३.१४॥
PADACHEDA
न ब्राह्मण-क्षत्रिययोः आपदि अपि हि तिष्ठतोः । कस्मिंश्चिद् अपि वृत्तान्ते शूद्रा भार्या उपदिश्यते ॥ ३।१४॥
TRANSLITERATION
na brāhmaṇa-kṣatriyayoḥ āpadi api hi tiṣṭhatoḥ . kasmiṃścid api vṛttānte śūdrā bhāryā upadiśyate .. 3.14..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.14. A Sudra woman is not mentioned even in any (ancient) story as the (first) wife of a Brahmana or of a Kshatriya, though they lived in the (greatest) distress.
3.16. According to Atri and to (Gautama) the son of Utathya, he who weds a Sudra woman becomes an outcast, according to Saunaka on the birth of a son, and according to Bhrigu he who has (male) offspring from a (Sudra female, alone).
3.17. A Brahmana who takes a Sudra wife to his bed, will (after death) sink into hell; if he begets a child by her, he will lose the rank of a Brahmana.
दैवपित्र्यातिथेयानि तत्प्रधानानि यस्य तु । नाश्नन्ति पितृदेवास्तन्न च स्वर्गं स गच्छति ॥ ३.१८॥
PADACHEDA
दैव-पित्र्य-तद्-प्रधानानि यस्य तु । न अश्नन्ति पितृ-देवाः तत् न च स्वर्गम् स गच्छति ॥ ३।१८॥
TRANSLITERATION
daiva-pitrya-tad-pradhānāni yasya tu . na aśnanti pitṛ-devāḥ tat na ca svargam sa gacchati .. 3.18..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.18. The manes and the gods will not eat the (offerings) of that man who performs the rites in honour of the gods, of the manes, and of guests chiefly with a (Sudra wife’s) assistance, and such (a man) will not go to heaven.
caturṇām api pretya ca iha hita-ahitān . aṣṭau imān samāsena strī-vivāhāt nibodhata .. 3.20..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.20. Now listen to (the) brief (description of) the following eight marriage-rites used by the four castes (varna) which partly secure benefits and partly produce evil both in this life and after death.
ब्राह्मः दैवः तथा एव आर्षः प्राजापत्यः तथा आसुरः । गान्धर्वः राक्षसः च एव पैशाचः च अष्टमः अधमः ॥ ३।२१॥
TRANSLITERATION
brāhmaḥ daivaḥ tathā eva ārṣaḥ prājāpatyaḥ tathā āsuraḥ . gāndharvaḥ rākṣasaḥ ca eva paiśācaḥ ca aṣṭamaḥ adhamaḥ .. 3.21..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.21. (They are) the rite of Brahman (Brahma), that of the gods (Daiva), that of the Rishis (Arsha), that of Pragapati (Pragapatya), that of the Asuras (Asura), that of the Gandharvas (Gandharva), that of the Rhashasas (Rakshasa), and that of the Pisakas (Paisaka).
यो यस्य धर्म्यो वर्णस्य गुणदोषौ च यस्य यौ । तद्वः सर्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि प्रसवे च गुणागुणान् ॥ ३.२२॥
PADACHEDA
यः यस्य धर्म्यः वर्णस्य गुण-दोषौ च यस्य यौ । तत् वः सर्वम् प्रवक्ष्यामि प्रसवे च गुण-अगुणान् ॥ ३।२२॥
TRANSLITERATION
yaḥ yasya dharmyaḥ varṇasya guṇa-doṣau ca yasya yau . tat vaḥ sarvam pravakṣyāmi prasave ca guṇa-aguṇān .. 3.22..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.22. Which is lawful for each caste (varna) and which are the virtues or faults of each (rite), all this I will
declare to you, as well as their good and evil results with respect to the offspring.
ṣaṭ ānupūrvyā viprasya kṣatrasya caturaḥ avarān . viś. śūdrayoḥ tu tān eva vidyāt dharmyān na rākṣasān .. 3.23..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.23. One may know that the first six according to the order (followed above) are lawful for a Brahmana, the
four last for a Kshatriya, and the same four, excepting the Rakshasa rite, for a Vaisya and a Sudra.
3.24. The sages state that the first four are approved (in the case) of a Brahmana, one, the Rakshasa (rite in the case) of a Kshatriya, and the Asura (marriage in that) of a Vaisya and of a Sudra.
पञ्चानाम् तु त्रयः धर्म्याः द्वौ अधर्म्यौ स्मृतौ इह । पैशाचः च आसुरः च एव न कर्तव्यौ कदा चन ॥ ३।२५॥
TRANSLITERATION
pañcānām tu trayaḥ dharmyāḥ dvau adharmyau smṛtau iha . paiśācaḥ ca āsuraḥ ca eva na kartavyau kadā cana .. 3.25..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.25. But in these (Institutes of the sacred law) three of the five (last) are declared to be lawful and two unlawful; the Paisaka and the Asura (rites) must never be used.
पृथक् पृथक् वा मिश्रौ वा विवाहौ पूर्व-चोदितौ । गान्धर्वः राक्षसः च एव धर्म्यौ क्षत्रस्य तौ स्मृतौ ॥ ३।२६॥
TRANSLITERATION
pṛthak pṛthak vā miśrau vā vivāhau pūrva-coditau . gāndharvaḥ rākṣasaḥ ca eva dharmyau kṣatrasya tau smṛtau .. 3.26..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.26. For Kshatriyas those before-mentioned two rites, the Gandharva and the Rakshasa, whether separate or
mixed, are permitted by the sacred tradition.
आच्छाद्य च अर्चयित्वा च श्रुत-शीलवते स्वयम् । आहूय दानम् कन्यायाः ब्राह्मः धर्मः प्रकीर्तितः ॥ ३।२७॥
TRANSLITERATION
ācchādya ca arcayitvā ca śruta-śīlavate svayam . āhūya dānam kanyāyāḥ brāhmaḥ dharmaḥ prakīrtitaḥ .. 3.27..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.27. The gift of a daughter, after decking her (with costly garments) and honouring (her by presents of jewels), to a man learned in the Veda and of good conduct, whom (the father) himself invites, is called the Brahma rite.
3.28. The gift of a daughter who has been decked with ornaments, to a priest who duly officiates at a sacrifice, during the course of its performance, they call the Daiva rite.
3.29. When (the father) gives away his daughter according to the rule, after receiving from the bridegroom, for
(the fulfilment of) the sacred law, a cow and a bull or two pairs, that is named the Arsha rite.
saha obhau caratām dharmam iti vācā anubhāṣya ca . kanyā-pradānam abhyarcya prājāpatyaḥ vidhiḥ smṛtaḥ .. 3.30..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.30. The gift of a daughter (by her father) after he has addressed (the couple) with the text, ’May both of you
perform together your duties,’ and has shown honour (to the bridegroom), is called in the Smriti the Pragapatya rite.
jñātibhyaḥ draviṇam dattvā kanyāyai ca eva śaktitaḥ . kanyā-pradānam svācchandyāt āsuraḥ dharmaḥ ucyate .. 3.31..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.31. When (the bridegroom) receives a maiden, after having given as much wealth as he can afford, to the kinsmen and to the bride herself, according to his own will, that is called the Asura rite.
इच्छयाऽन्योन्यसंयोगः कन्यायाश्च वरस्य च । गान्धर्वः स तु विज्ञेयो मैथुन्यः कामसम्भवः ॥ ३.३२॥
PADACHEDA
इच्छया अन्योन्य-संयोगः कन्यायाः च वरस्य च । गान्धर्वः स तु विज्ञेयः मैथुन्यः काम-सम्भवः ॥ ३।३२॥
TRANSLITERATION
icchayā anyonya-saṃyogaḥ kanyāyāḥ ca varasya ca . gāndharvaḥ sa tu vijñeyaḥ maithunyaḥ kāma-sambhavaḥ .. 3.32..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.32. The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover one must know (to be) the Gandharva rite, which springs from desire and has sexual intercourse for its purpose.
हत्वा छित्त्वा च भित्त्वा च क्रोशन्तीं रुदतीं गृहात् । प्रसह्य कन्याहरणं राक्षसो विधिरुच्यते ॥ ३.३३॥
PADACHEDA
हत्वा छित्त्वा च भित्त्वा च क्रोशन्तीम् रुदतीम् गृहात् । प्रसह्य कन्या-हरणम् राक्षसः विधिः उच्यते ॥ ३।३३॥
TRANSLITERATION
hatvā chittvā ca bhittvā ca krośantīm rudatīm gṛhāt . prasahya kanyā-haraṇam rākṣasaḥ vidhiḥ ucyate .. 3.33..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.33. The forcible abduction of a maiden from her home, while she cries out and weeps, after (her kinsmen) have been slain or wounded and (their houses) broken open, is called the Rakshasa rite.
3.34. When (a man) by stealth seduces a girl who is sleeping, intoxicated, or disordered in intellect, that is the eighth, the most base and sinful rite of the Pisakas.
adbhiḥ eva dvijāgryāṇām kanyā-dānam viśiṣyate . itareṣām tu varṇānām itaretara-kāmyayā .. 3.35..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.35. ”The gift of daughters among Brahmanas is most approved, (if it is preceded) by (a libation of) water; but in the case of other castes (it may be performed) by (the expression of) mutual consent.
3.37. The son of a wife wedded according to the Brahma rite, if he performs meritorious acts, liberates from sin ten ancestors, ten descendants and himself as the twenty-first.
daivauḍha-jaḥ sutaḥ ca eva sapta sapta para-avarān . ārṣa-oḍhā-jaḥ sutaḥ trīn trīn ṣaṣ-ṣaṣ-kāya-oḍha-jaḥ sutaḥ .. 3.38..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.38. The son born of a wife, wedded according to the Daiva rite, likewise (saves) seven ancestors and seven descendants, the son of a wife married by the Arsha rite three (in the ascending and descending lines), and the son of a wife married by the rite of Ka (Pragapati) six (in either line).
3.39. From the four marriages, (enumerated) successively, which begin with the Brahma rite spring sons, radiant with knowledge of the Veda and honoured by the Sishtas (good men).
3.40. Endowded with the qualities of beauty and goodness, possessing wealth and fame, obtaining as many enjoyments as they desire and being most righteous, they will live a hundred years.
3.42. In the blameless marriages blameless children are born to men, in blamable (marriages) blamable (offspring); one should therefore avoid the blamable (forms of marriage).
3.43. The ceremony of joining the hands is prescribed for (marriages with) women of equal caste (varna); know that the following rule (applies) to weddings with females of a different caste (varna).
3.44. On marrying a man of a higher caste a Kshatriya bride must take hold of an arrow, a Vaisya bride of a goad, and a Sudra female of the hem of the (bridegroom’s) garment.
3.45. Let (the husband) approach his wife in due season, being constantly satisfied with her (alone); he may
also, being intent on pleasing her, approach her with a desire for conjugal union (on any day) excepting the Parvans.
3.46. Sixteen (days and) nights (in each month), including four days which differ from the rest and are censured by the virtuous, (are called) the natural season of women.
3.48. On the even nights sons are conceived and daughters on the uneven ones; hence a man who desires to
have sons should approach his wife in due season on the even (nights).
पुमान् पुंसोऽधिके शुक्रे स्त्री भवत्यधिके स्त्रियाः । समेऽपुमान् पुं। स्त्रियौ वा क्षीणेऽल्पे च विपर्ययः ॥ ३.४९॥
PADACHEDA
पुमान् पुंसः अधिके शुक्रे स्त्री भवति अधिके स्त्रियाः । समे अ पुमान् पुमान्। स्त्रियौ वा क्षीणे अल्पे च विपर्ययः ॥ ३।४९॥
TRANSLITERATION
pumān puṃsaḥ adhike śukre strī bhavati adhike striyāḥ . same a pumān pumān. striyau vā kṣīṇe alpe ca viparyayaḥ .. 3.49..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.49. A male child is produced by a greater quantity of male seed, a female child by the prevalence of the female; if (both are) equal, a hermaphrodite or a boy and a girl; if (both are) weak or deficient in quantity, a failure of conception (results).
न कन्यायाः पिता विद्वान् गृह्णीयात्शुल्कमण्वपि । गृह्णंश्छुल्कं हि लोभेन स्यान्नरोऽपत्यविक्रयी ॥ ३.५१॥
PADACHEDA
न कन्यायाः पिता विद्वान् गृह्णीयात् शुल्कम् अणु अपि । गृह्णन् छुल्कम् हि लोभेन स्यात् नरः अपत्य-विक्रयी ॥ ३।५१॥
TRANSLITERATION
na kanyāyāḥ pitā vidvān gṛhṇīyāt śulkam aṇu api . gṛhṇan chulkam hi lobhena syāt naraḥ apatya-vikrayī .. 3.51..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.51. No father who knows (the law) must take even the smallest gratuity for his daughter; for a man who, through avarice, takes a gratuity, is a seller of his offspring.
स्त्रीधनानि तु ये मोहादुपजीवन्ति बान्धवाः । नारीयानानि वस्त्रं वा ते पापा यान्त्यधोगतिम् ॥ ३.५२॥
PADACHEDA
स्त्रीधनानि तु ये मोहात् उपजीवन्ति बान्धवाः । नारी-यानानि वस्त्रम् वा ते पापाः यान्ति अधोगतिम् ॥ ३।५२॥
TRANSLITERATION
strīdhanāni tu ye mohāt upajīvanti bāndhavāḥ . nārī-yānāni vastram vā te pāpāḥ yānti adhogatim .. 3.52..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.52. But those (male) relations who, in their folly, live on the separate property of women, (e.g. appropriate) the beasts of burden, carriages, and clothes of women, commit sin and will sink into hell.
आर्षे गोमिथुनं शुल्कं के चिदाहुर्मृषैव तत् । तावानेव स विक्रयः स्तावदेव सः ॥ ३.५३॥
PADACHEDA
आर्षे गो-मिथुनम् शुल्कम् के चित् आहुः मृषा एव तत् । तावान् एव स विक्रयः स्तावत् एव सः ॥ ३।५३॥
TRANSLITERATION
ārṣe go-mithunam śulkam ke cit āhuḥ mṛṣā eva tat . tāvān eva sa vikrayaḥ stāvat eva saḥ .. 3.53..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.53. Some call the cow and the bull (given) at an Arsha wedding ’a gratuity;’ (but) that is wrong, since (the
acceptance of) a fee, be it small or great, is a sale (of the daughter).
यासां नाददते शुल्कं ज्ञातयो न स विक्रयः । अर्हणं तत्कुमारीणामानृशंस्यं न केवलम् ॥ ३.५४॥
PADACHEDA
यासाम् न आददते शुल्कम् ज्ञातयः न स विक्रयः । अर्हणम् तत् कुमारीणाम् आनृशंस्यम् न केवलम् ॥ ३।५४॥
TRANSLITERATION
yāsām na ādadate śulkam jñātayaḥ na sa vikrayaḥ . arhaṇam tat kumārīṇām ānṛśaṃsyam na kevalam .. 3.54..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.54. When the relatives do not appropriate (for their use) the gratuity (given), it is not a sale; (in that case) the
(gift) is only a token of respect and of kindness towards the maidens.
3.59. Hence men who seek (their own) welfare, should always honour women on holidays and festivals with (gifts of) ornaments, clothes, and (dainty) food.
कुविवाहैः क्रियालोपैर्वेदानध्ययनेन च । कुलान्यकुलतां यान्ति ब्राह्मणातिक्रमेण च ॥ ३.६३॥
PADACHEDA
कुविवाहैः क्रिया-लोपैः वेद-अनध्ययनेन च । कुलानि अकुल-ताम् यान्ति ब्राह्मण-अतिक्रमेण च ॥ ३।६३॥
TRANSLITERATION
kuvivāhaiḥ kriyā-lopaiḥ veda-anadhyayanena ca . kulāni akula-tām yānti brāhmaṇa-atikrameṇa ca .. 3.63..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.63. By low marriages, by omitting (the performance of) sacred rites, by neglecting the study of the Veda, and by irreverence towards Brahmanas, (great) families sink low.
शिल्पेन व्यवहारेण शूद्र-अपत्यैः च केवलैः । गोभिः अश्वैः च यानैः च कृष्या राज-उपसेवया ॥ ३।६४॥
TRANSLITERATION
śilpena vyavahāreṇa śūdra-apatyaiḥ ca kevalaiḥ . gobhiḥ aśvaiḥ ca yānaiḥ ca kṛṣyā rāja-upasevayā .. 3.64..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.64. By (practising) handicrafts, by pecuniary transactions, by (begetting) children on Sudra females only, by (trading in) cows, horses, and carriages, by (the pursuit of) agriculture and by taking service under a king,
अ याज्य-याजनैः च एव नास्तिक्येन च कर्मणाम् । कुलानि आशु विनश्यन्ति यानि हीनानि मन्त्रतः ॥ ३।६५॥
TRANSLITERATION
a yājya-yājanaiḥ ca eva nāstikyena ca karmaṇām . kulāni āśu vinaśyanti yāni hīnāni mantrataḥ .. 3.65..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.65. By sacrificing for men unworthy to offer sacrifices and by denying (the future rewards for good) works, families, deficient in the (knowledge of the) Veda, quickly perish.
वैवाहिके अग्नौ कुर्वीत गृह्यम् कर्म यथाविधि । पञ्चयज्ञ-विधानम् च पक्तिम् च आन्वाहिकीम् गृही ॥ ३।६७॥
TRANSLITERATION
vaivāhike agnau kurvīta gṛhyam karma yathāvidhi . pañcayajña-vidhānam ca paktim ca ānvāhikīm gṛhī .. 3.67..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.67. With the sacred fire, kindled at the wedding, a householder shall perform according to the law the domestic ceremonies and the five (great) sacrifices, and (with that) he shall daily cook his food.
पञ्च सूनाः गृहस्थस्य चुल्ली पेषणी उपस्करः । कण्डनी च औद-कुम्भः च वध्यते याः तु वाहयन् ॥ ३।६८॥
TRANSLITERATION
pañca sūnāḥ gṛhasthasya cullī peṣaṇī upaskaraḥ . kaṇḍanī ca auda-kumbhaḥ ca vadhyate yāḥ tu vāhayan .. 3.68..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.68. A householder has five slaughter-houses (as it were, viz.) the hearth, the grinding-stone, the broom, the
pestle and mortar, the water-vessel, by using which he is bound (with the fetters of sin).
3.69. In order to successively expiate (the offences committed by means) of all these (five) the great sages have
prescribed for householders the daily (performance of the five) great sacrifices.
3.70. Teaching (and studying) is the sacrifice (offered) to Brahman, the (offerings of water and food called) Tarpana the sacrifice to the manes, the burnt oblation the sacrifice offered to the gods, the Bali offering that offered to the Bhutas, and the hospitable reception of guests the offering to men.
पञ्चैतान् यो महाऽयज्ञान्न हापयति शक्तितः । स गृहेऽपि वसन्नित्यं सूनादोषैर्न लिप्यते ॥ ३.७१॥
PADACHEDA
पञ्च एतान् यः महा-यज्ञान् न हापयति शक्तितस् । स गृहे अपि वसन् नित्यम् सूना-दोषैः न लिप्यते ॥ ३।७१॥
TRANSLITERATION
pañca etān yaḥ mahā-yajñān na hāpayati śaktitas . sa gṛhe api vasan nityam sūnā-doṣaiḥ na lipyate .. 3.71..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.71. He who neglects not these five great sacrifices, while he is able (to perform them), is not tainted by the sins (committed) in the five places of slaughter, though he constantly lives in the (order of) house (-holders).
देवताऽतिथिभृत्यानां पितॄणामात्मनश्च यः । न निर्वपति पञ्चानामुच्छ्वसन्न स जीवति ॥ ३.७२॥
PADACHEDA
देवता-अतिथि-भृत्यानाम् पितॄणाम् आत्मनः च यः । न निर्वपति पञ्चानाम् उच्छ्वसन् न स जीवति ॥ ३।७२॥
TRANSLITERATION
devatā-atithi-bhṛtyānām pitṝṇām ātmanaḥ ca yaḥ . na nirvapati pañcānām ucchvasan na sa jīvati .. 3.72..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.72. But he who does not feed these five, the gods, his guests, those whom he is bound to maintain, the manes, and himself, lives not, though he breathes.
3.74. Ahuta (not offered in the fire) is the muttering (of Vedic texts), Huta the burnt oblation (offered to the gods), Prahuta (offered by scattering it on the ground) the Bali offering given to the Bhutas, Brahmya-huta (offered in the digestive fire of Brahmanas), the respectful reception of Brahmana (guests), and Prasita (eaten) the (daily oblation to the manes, called) Tarpana.
स्वाध्याये नित्य-युक्तः स्यात् दैवे च एव एह कर्मणि । दैव-कर्मणि युक्तः हि बिभर्ति इदम् चराचरम् ॥ ३।७५॥
TRANSLITERATION
svādhyāye nitya-yuktaḥ syāt daive ca eva eha karmaṇi . daiva-karmaṇi yuktaḥ hi bibharti idam carācaram .. 3.75..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.75. Let (every man) in this (second order, at least) daily apply himself to the private recitation of the Veda, and also to the performance of the offering to the gods; for he who is diligent in the performance of sacrifices,
supports both the movable and the immovable creation.
3.76. An oblation duly thrown into the fire, reaches the sun; from the sun comes rain, from rain food, therefrom
the living creatures (derive their subsistence).
3.77. As all living creatures subsist by receiving support from air, even so (the members of) all orders subsist by
receiving support from the householder.
yasmāt trayaḥ api āśramiṇaḥ jñānena annena ca anvaham . gṛhasthena eva dhāryante tasmāt jyeṣṭha-āśramaḥ gṛham .. 3.78..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.78. Because men of the three (other) orders are daily supported by the householder with (gifts of) sacred knowledge and food, therefore (the order of) householders is the most excellent order.
स संधार्यः प्रयत्नेन स्वर्गम् अक्षयम् इच्छता । सुखम् च इह इच्छता अत्यन्तम् यः अधार्यः दुर्बल-इन्द्रियैः ॥ ३।७९॥
TRANSLITERATION
sa saṃdhāryaḥ prayatnena svargam akṣayam icchatā . sukham ca iha icchatā atyantam yaḥ adhāryaḥ durbala-indriyaiḥ .. 3.79..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.79. (The duties of) this order, which cannot be practised by men with weak organs, must be carefully observed by him who desires imperishable (bliss in) heaven, and constant happiness in this (life).
3.80. The sages, the manes, the gods, the Bhutas, and guests ask the householders (for offerings and gifts); hence he who knows (the law), must give to them (what is due to each).
3.81. Let him worship, according to the rule, the sages by the private recitation of the Veda, the gods by burnt oblations, the manes by funeral offerings (Sraddha), men by (gifts of) food, and the Bhutas by the Bali offering.
एकम् अपि आशयेत् विप्रम् पित्र्यर्थे पाञ्चयज्ञिके । पित्री-अर्थम् न च एव अत्र आशयेत् किम् चित् वैश्वदेवम् प्रति द्विजम् ॥ ३।८३॥
TRANSLITERATION
ekam api āśayet vipram pitryarthe pāñcayajñike . pitrī-artham na ca eva atra āśayet kim cit vaiśvadevam prati dvijam .. 3.83..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.83. Let him feed even one Brahmana in honour of the manes at (the Sraddha), which belongs to the five great sacrifices; but let him not feed on that (occasion) any Brahmana on account of the Vaisvadeva offering.
3.84. A Brahmana shall offer according to the rule (of his Grihya-sutra a portion) of the cooked food destined for the Vaisvadeva in the sacred domestic fire to the following deities:
कुह्वै चैवानुमत्यै च प्रजापतय एव च । सह द्यावापृथिव्योश्च तथा स्विष्टकृतेऽन्ततः ॥ ३.८६॥
PADACHEDA
कुह्वै च एव अनुमत्यै च प्रजापतये एव च । सह द्यावापृथिव्योः च तथा स्विष्टकृते अन्ततस् ॥ ३।८६॥
TRANSLITERATION
kuhvai ca eva anumatyai ca prajāpataye eva ca . saha dyāvāpṛthivyoḥ ca tathā sviṣṭakṛte antatas .. 3.86..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.86. Further to Kuhu (the goddess of the new-moon day), to Anumati (the goddess of the full-moon day), to Pragapati (the lord of creatures), to heaven and earth conjointly, and finally to Agni Svishtakrit (the fire which performs the sacrifice well).
3.87. After having thus duly offered the sacrificial food, let him throw Bali offerings in all directions of the compass, proceeding (from the east) to the south, to Indra, Yama, Varuna, and Soma, as well as to the servants
(of these deities).
marudbhyaḥ iti tu dvāri kṣipet apsvadbhyaḥ iti api . vanaspatibhyaḥ iti evam musala-ulūkhale haret .. 3.88..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.88. Saying, ’(Adoration) to the Maruts,’ he shall scatter (some food) near the door, and (some) in water, saying, ’(Adoration to the waters;’ he shall throw (some) on the pestle and the mortar, speaking thus, ’(Adoration) to the trees.’
ucchīrṣake śriyai kuryāt bhadrakālyai ca pādataḥ . brahma-vāstoṣpatibhyām tu vāstu-madhye balim haret .. 3.89..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.89. Near the head (of the bed) he shall make an offering to Sri (fortune), and near the foot (of his bed) to Bhadrakali; in the centre of the house let him place a Bali for Brahman and for Vastoshpati (the lord of the dwelling) conjointly.
विश्वेभ्यः च एव देवेभ्यः बलिम् आकाशे उत्क्षिपेत् । दिवाचरेभ्यः भूतेभ्यः नक्तञ्चारिभ्यः एव च ॥ ३।९०॥
TRANSLITERATION
viśvebhyaḥ ca eva devebhyaḥ balim ākāśe utkṣipet . divācarebhyaḥ bhūtebhyaḥ naktañcāribhyaḥ eva ca .. 3.90..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.90. Let him throw up into the air a Bali for all the gods, and (in the day-time one) for the goblins roaming about by day, (and in the evening one) for the goblins that walk at night.
3.91. In the upper story let him offer a Bali to Sarvatmabhuti; but let him throw what remains (from these offerings) in a southerly direction for the manes.
शूनां च पतितानां च श्वपचां पापरोगिणाम् । वयसां च कृमीणां च शनकैर्निर्वपेद्भुवि ॥ ३.९२॥
PADACHEDA
शूनाम् च पतितानाम् च श्वपचाम् पाप-रोगिणाम् । वयसाम् च कृमीणाम् च शनकैस् निर्वपेत् भुवि ॥ ३।९२॥
TRANSLITERATION
śūnām ca patitānām ca śvapacām pāpa-rogiṇām . vayasām ca kṛmīṇām ca śanakais nirvapet bhuvi .. 3.92..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.92. Let him gently place on the ground (some food) for dogs, outcasts, Kandalas (Svapak), those afflicted with diseases that are punishments of former sins, crows, and insects.
3.93. That Brahmana who thus daily honours all beings, goes, endowed with a resplendent body, by a straight road to the highest dwelling-place (i.e. Brahman).
3.95. A twice-born householder gains, by giving alms, the same reward for his meritorious act which (a student) obtains for presenting, in accordance with the rule, a cow to his teacher.
3.96. Let him give, in accordance with the rule, to a Brahmana who knows the true meaning of the Veda, even (a small portion of food as) alms, or a pot full of water, having garnished (the food with seasoning, or the pot with flowers and fruit).
3.97. The oblations to gods and manes, made by men ignorant (of the law of gifts), are lost, if the givers in their folly present (shares of them) to Brahmanas who are mere ashes.
samprāptāya tu atithaye pradadyāt āsana-audake . annam ca eva yathāśakti saṃskṛtya vidhi-pūrvakam .. 3.99..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.99. But let him offer, in accordance with the rule, to a guest who has come (of his own accord) a seat and water, as well as food, garnished (with seasoning), according to his ability.
śilān api uñchataḥ nityam pañca agnīn api juhvataḥ . sarvam sukṛtam ādatte brāhmaṇaḥ anarcitaḥ vasan .. 3.100..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.100. A Brahmana who stays unhonoured (in the house), takes away (with him) all the spiritual merit even of a man who subsists by gleaning ears of corn, or offers oblations in five fires.
eka-rātram tu nivasan atithiḥ brāhmaṇaḥ smṛtaḥ . anityam hi sthitaḥ yasmāt tasmāt atithiḥ ucyate .. 3.102..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.102. But a Brahmana who stays one night only is declared to be a guest (atithi); for because he stays (sthita) not long (anityam), he is called atithi (a guest).
नैकग्रामीणमतिथिं विप्रं साङ्गतिकं तथा । उपस्थितं गृहे विद्याद्भार्या यत्राग्नयोऽपि वा ॥ ३.१०३॥
PADACHEDA
न एक-ग्रामीणम् अतिथिम् विप्रम् साङ्गतिकम् तथा । उपस्थितम् गृहे विद्यात् भार्या यत्र अग्नयः अपि वा ॥ ३।१०३॥
TRANSLITERATION
na eka-grāmīṇam atithim vipram sāṅgatikam tathā . upasthitam gṛhe vidyāt bhāryā yatra agnayaḥ api vā .. 3.103..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.103. One must not consider as a guest a Brahmana who dwells in the same village, nor one who seeks his livelihood by social intercourse, even though he has come to a house where (there is) a wife, and where sacred fires (are kept).
उपासते ये गृहस्थाः परपाकमबुद्धयः । तेन ते प्रेत्य पशुतां व्रजन्त्यन्नादिदायिनः ॥ ३.१०४॥
PADACHEDA
उपासते ये गृहस्थाः पर-पाकम् अबुद्धयः । तेन ते प्रेत्य पशु-ताम् व्रजन्ति अन्न-आदि-दायिनः ॥ ३।१०४॥
TRANSLITERATION
upāsate ye gṛhasthāḥ para-pākam abuddhayaḥ . tena te pretya paśu-tām vrajanti anna-ādi-dāyinaḥ .. 3.104..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.104. Those foolish householders who constantly seek (to live on) the food of others, become, in consequence
of that (baseness), after death the cattle of those who give them food
अप्रणोद्यः अतिथिः सायम् सूर्य-ओढः गृहमेधिना । काले प्राप्तः तु अकाले वा न अस्य अन् अश्नन् गृहे वसेत् ॥ ३।१०५॥
TRANSLITERATION
apraṇodyaḥ atithiḥ sāyam sūrya-oḍhaḥ gṛhamedhinā . kāle prāptaḥ tu akāle vā na asya an aśnan gṛhe vaset .. 3.105..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.105. A guest who is sent by the (setting) sun in the evening, must not be driven away by a householder; whether he have come at (supper-) time or at an inopportune moment, he must not stay in the house without
entertainment.
न वै स्वयं तदश्नीयादतिथिं यन्न भोजयेत् । धन्यं यशस्यमायुष्यं स्वर्ग्यं वाऽतिथिपूजनम् ॥ ३.१०६॥
PADACHEDA
न वै स्वयम् तत् अश्नीयात् अतिथिम् यत् न भोजयेत् । धन्यम् यशस्यम् आयुष्यम् स्वर्ग्यम् वा अतिथि-पूजनम् ॥ ३।१०६॥
TRANSLITERATION
na vai svayam tat aśnīyāt atithim yat na bhojayet . dhanyam yaśasyam āyuṣyam svargyam vā atithi-pūjanam .. 3.106..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.106. Let him not eat any (dainty) food which he does not offer to his guest; the hospitable reception of guests
procures wealth, fame, long life, and heavenly bliss.
3.107. Let him offer (to his guests) seats, rooms, beds, attendance on departure and honour (while they stay), to
the most distinguished in the best form, to the lower ones in a lower form, to equals in an equal manner.
वैश्वदेवे तु निर्वृत्ते यदि अन्यः अतिथिः आव्रजेत् । तस्य अपि अन्नम् यथाशक्ति प्रदद्यात् न बलिम् हरेत् ॥ ३।१०८॥
TRANSLITERATION
vaiśvadeve tu nirvṛtte yadi anyaḥ atithiḥ āvrajet . tasya api annam yathāśakti pradadyāt na balim haret .. 3.108..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.108. But if another guest comes after the Vaisvadeva offering has been finished, (the householder) must give him food according to his ability, (but) not repeat the Bali offering.
न भोजनार्थं स्वे विप्रः कुलगोत्रे निवेदयेत् । भोजनार्थं हि ते शंसन् वान्ताशीत्युच्यते बुधैः ॥ ३.१०९॥
PADACHEDA
न भोजन-अर्थम् स्वे विप्रः कुल-गोत्रे निवेदयेत् । भोजन-अर्थम् हि ते शंसन् वान्ताशी इति उच्यते बुधैः ॥ ३।१०९॥
TRANSLITERATION
na bhojana-artham sve vipraḥ kula-gotre nivedayet . bhojana-artham hi te śaṃsan vāntāśī iti ucyate budhaiḥ .. 3.109..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.109. A Brahmana shall not name his family and (Vedic) gotra in order to obtain a meal; for he who boasts of them for the sake of a meal, is called by the wise a foul feeder (vantasin).
न ब्राह्मणस्य त्वतिथिर्गृहे राजन्य उच्यते । वैश्यशूद्रौ सखा चैव ज्ञातयो गुरुरेव च ॥ ३.११०॥
PADACHEDA
न ब्राह्मणस्य तु अतिथिः गृहे राजन्यः उच्यते । वैश्य-शूद्रौ सखा च एव ज्ञातयः गुरुः एव च ॥ ३।११०॥
TRANSLITERATION
na brāhmaṇasya tu atithiḥ gṛhe rājanyaḥ ucyate . vaiśya-śūdrau sakhā ca eva jñātayaḥ guruḥ eva ca .. 3.110..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.110. But a Kshatriya (who comes) to the house of a Brahmana is not called a guest (atithi), nor a Vaisya, nor a Sudra, nor a personal friend, nor a relative, nor the teacher.
यदि त्वतिथिधर्मेण क्षत्रियो गृहमाव्रजेत् । भुक्तवत्सु च विप्रेषु कामं तमपि भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१११॥
PADACHEDA
यदि तु अतिथि-धर्मेण क्षत्रियः गृहम् आव्रजेत् । भुक्तवत्सु च विप्रेषु कामम् तम् अपि भोजयेत् ॥ ३।१११॥
TRANSLITERATION
yadi tu atithi-dharmeṇa kṣatriyaḥ gṛham āvrajet . bhuktavatsu ca vipreṣu kāmam tam api bhojayet .. 3.111..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.111. But if a Kshatriya comes to the house of a Brahmana in the manner of a guest, (the house-holder) may feed him according to his desire, after the above-mentioned Brahmanas have eaten.
vaiśya-śūdrau api prāptau kuṭumbe atithi-dharmiṇau . bhojayet saha bhṛtyaiḥ tāvat ānṛśaṃsyam prayojayan .. 3.112..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.112. Even a Vaisya and a Sudra who have approached his house in the manner of guests, he may allow to eat with his servants, showing (thereby) his compassionate disposition.
itarān api sakhi-ādīn samprītyā gṛham āgatān . prakṛtyā annam yathāśakti bhojayet saha bhāryayā .. 3.113..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.113. Even to others, personal friends and so forth, who have come to his house out of affection, he may give food, garnished (with seasoning) according to his ability, (at the same time) with his wife.
suvāsinīḥ kumārīḥ ca rogiṇaḥ garbhiṇīḥ striyaḥ . atithibhyaḥ anvak eva etān bhojayet a vicārayan .. 3.114..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.114. Without hesitation he may give food, even before his guests, to the following persons, (viz.) to newly- married women, to infants, to the sick, and to pregnant women.
अदत्त्वा तु य एतेभ्यः पूर्वं भुङ्क्तेऽविचक्षणः । स भुञ्जानो न जानाति श्वगृध्रैर्जग्धिमात्मनः ॥ ३.११५॥
PADACHEDA
अ दत्त्वा तु यः एतेभ्यः पूर्वम् भुङ्क्ते अविचक्षणः । स भुञ्जानः न जानाति श्व-गृध्रैः जग्धिम् आत्मनः ॥ ३।११५॥
TRANSLITERATION
a dattvā tu yaḥ etebhyaḥ pūrvam bhuṅkte avicakṣaṇaḥ . sa bhuñjānaḥ na jānāti śva-gṛdhraiḥ jagdhim ātmanaḥ .. 3.115..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.115. But the foolish man who eats first without having given food to these (persons) does, while he crams, not
know that (after death) he himself will be devoured by dogs and vultures.
अघम् स केवलम् भुङ्क्ते यः पचति आत्म-कारणात् । यज्ञ-शिष्ट-अशनम् हि एतत् सताम् अन्नम् विधीयते ॥ ३।११८॥
TRANSLITERATION
agham sa kevalam bhuṅkte yaḥ pacati ātma-kāraṇāt . yajña-śiṣṭa-aśanam hi etat satām annam vidhīyate .. 3.118..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.118. He who prepares food for himself (alone), eats nothing but sin; for it is ordained that the food which
remains after (the performance of) the sacrifices shall be the meal of virtuous men.
3.119. Let him honour with the honey-mixture a king, an officiating priest, a Snataka, the teacher, a son-in-law,
a father-in-law, and a maternal uncle, (if they come) again after a full year (has elapsed since their last visit).
राजा च श्रोत्रियश्चैव यज्ञकर्मण्युपस्थिते । मधुपर्केण सम्पूज्यौ न त्वयज्ञ इति स्थितिः ॥ ३.१२०॥
PADACHEDA
राजा च श्रोत्रियः च एव यज्ञ-कर्मणि उपस्थिते । मधुपर्केण सम्पूज्यौ न तु अयज्ञे इति स्थितिः ॥ ३।१२०॥
TRANSLITERATION
rājā ca śrotriyaḥ ca eva yajña-karmaṇi upasthite . madhuparkeṇa sampūjyau na tu ayajñe iti sthitiḥ .. 3.120..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.120. A king and a Srotriya, who come on the performance of a sacrifice, must be honoured with the honey- mixture, but not if no sacrifice is being performed; that is a settled rule.
सायम् तु अन्नस्य सिद्धस्य पत्नी अमन्त्रम् बलिम् हरेत् । वैश्वदेवम् हि नाम एतत् सायम् प्रातर् विधीयते ॥ ३।१२१॥
TRANSLITERATION
sāyam tu annasya siddhasya patnī amantram balim haret . vaiśvadevam hi nāma etat sāyam prātar vidhīyate .. 3.121..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.121. But the wife shall offer in the evening (a portion) of the dressed food as a Bali-oblation, without (the recitation of) sacred formulas; for that (rite which is called the) Vaisvadeva is prescribed both for the morning and the evening.
pitṛ-yajñam tu nirvartya vipraḥ ca aindu-kṣaye agnimān . piṇḍānvāhāryakam śrāddham kuryāt māsānumāsikam .. 3.122..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.122. After performing the Pitriyagna, a Brahmana who keeps a sacred fire shall offer, month by month, on the new-moon day, the funeral sacrifice (Sraddha, called) Pindanvaharyaka.
pitṝṇām māsikam śrāddham anvāhāryam viduḥ budhāḥ . tat ca āmiṣeṇa kartavyam praśastena samantata .. 3.123..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.123. The wise call the monthly funeral offering to the manes Anvaharya (to be offered after the cakes), and that must be carefully performed with the approved (sorts of) flesh (mentioned below).
तत्र ये भोजनीयाः स्युर्ये च वर्ज्या द्विजोत्तमाः । यावन्तश्चैव यैश्चान्नैस्तान् प्रवक्ष्याम्यशेषतः ॥ ३.१२४॥
PADACHEDA
तत्र ये भोजनीयाः स्युः ये च वर्ज्याः द्विजोत्तमाः । यावन्तः च एव यैः च अन्नैः तान् प्रवक्ष्यामि अशेषतस् ॥ ३।१२४॥
TRANSLITERATION
tatra ye bhojanīyāḥ syuḥ ye ca varjyāḥ dvijottamāḥ . yāvantaḥ ca eva yaiḥ ca annaiḥ tān pravakṣyāmi aśeṣatas .. 3.124..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.124. I will fully declare what and how many (Brahmanas) must be fed on that (occasion), who must be avoided, and on what kinds of food (they shall dine).
द्वौ दैवे पितृकार्ये त्रीनेकैकमुभयत्र वा । पितृकृत्येभोजयेत्सुसमृद्धोऽपि न प्रवर्तेत विस्तरे ॥ ३.१२५॥
PADACHEDA
द्वौ दैवे पितृ-कार्ये त्रीन् एकैकम् उभयत्र वा । पितृ-कृत्ये भोजयेत् सु समृद्धः अपि न प्रवर्तेत विस्तरे ॥ ३।१२५॥
TRANSLITERATION
dvau daive pitṛ-kārye trīn ekaikam ubhayatra vā . pitṛ-kṛtye bhojayet su samṛddhaḥ api na pravarteta vistare .. 3.125..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.125. One must feed two (Brahmanas) at the offering to the gods, and three at the offering to the manes, or one only on either occasion; even a very wealthy man shall not be anxious (to entertain) a large company.
सत्क्रियाम् देश-कालौ च शौचम् ब्राह्मण-सम्पदः । पञ्च एतान् विस्तरः हन्ति तस्मात् न एहेत विस्तरम् ॥ ३।१२६॥
TRANSLITERATION
satkriyām deśa-kālau ca śaucam brāhmaṇa-sampadaḥ . pañca etān vistaraḥ hanti tasmāt na eheta vistaram .. 3.126..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.126. A large company destroys these five (advantages) the respectful treatment (of the invited, the propriety of) place and time, purity and (the selection of) virtuous Brahmana (guests); he therefore shall not seek (to entertain) a large company.
prathitā preta-kṛtyā eṣā pitryam nāma vidhu-kṣaye . tasmin yuktasya eti nityam preta-kṛtyā eva laukikī .. 3.127..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.127. Famed is this rite for the dead, called (the sacrifice sacred to the manes (and performed) on the new- moon day; if a man is diligent in (performing) that, (the reward of) the rite for the dead, which is performed according to Smarta rules, reaches him constantly.
3.128. Oblations to the gods and manes must be presented by the givers to a Srotriya alone; what is given to
such a most worthy Brahmana yields great reward.
एकैकम् अपि विद्वांसम् दैवे पित्र्ये च भोजयेत् । भोजयन् पुष्कलम् फलम् आप्नोति न अमन्त्र-ज्ञान् बहून् अपि ॥ ३।१२९॥
TRANSLITERATION
ekaikam api vidvāṃsam daive pitrye ca bhojayet . bhojayan puṣkalam phalam āpnoti na amantra-jñān bahūn api .. 3.129..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.129. Let him feed even one learned man at (the sacrifice) to the gods, and one at (the sacrifice) to the manes;
(thus) he will gain a rich reward, not (if he entertains) many who are unacquainted with the Veda.
dūrāt eva parīkṣeta brāhmaṇam vedapāragam . tīrtham tat havya-kavyānām pradāne saḥ atithiḥ smṛtaḥ .. 3.130..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.130. Let him make inquiries even regarding the remote (ancestors of) a Brahmana who has studied an entire (recension of the) Veda; (if descended from a virtuous race) such a man is a worthy recipient of gifts (consisting) of food offered to the gods or to the manes, he is declared (to procure as great rewards as) a guest
(atithi).
sahasram hi sahasrāṇām an ṛcām yatra bhuñjate . ekaḥ tān mantra-vid prītaḥ sarvān arhati dharmataḥ .. 3.131..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.131. Though a million of men, unaquainted with the Rikas, were to dine at a (funeral sacrifice), yet a single man, learned in the Veda, who is satisfied (with his entertainment), is worth them all as far as the (production
of) spiritual merit (is concerned).
ज्ञानोत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च । न हि हस्तावसृग्दिग्धौ रुधिरेणैव शुध्यतः ॥ ३.१३२॥
PADACHEDA
ज्ञान-उत्कृष्टाय देयानि कव्यानि च हवींषि च । न हि हस्तौ असृज्-दिग्धौ रुधिरेण एव शुध्यतः ॥ ३।१३२॥
TRANSLITERATION
jñāna-utkṛṣṭāya deyāni kavyāni ca havīṃṣi ca . na hi hastau asṛj-digdhau rudhireṇa eva śudhyataḥ .. 3.132..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.132. Food sacred to the manes or to the gods must be given to a man distinguished by sacred knowledge; for hands, smeared with blood, cannot be cleansed with blood.
3.133. As many mouthfuls as an ignorant man swallows at a sacrifice to the gods or to the manes, so many red- hot spikes, spears, and iron balls must (the giver of the repast) swallow after death.
ज्ञाननिष्ठा द्विजाः के चित्तपोनिष्ठास्तथाऽपरे । तपःस्वाध्यायनिष्ठाश्च कर्मनिष्ठास्तथाऽपरे ॥ ३.१३४॥
PADACHEDA
ज्ञान-निष्ठाः द्विजाः के चित् तपः-निष्ठाः तथा अपरे । तपः-स्वाध्याय-निष्ठाः च कर्म-निष्ठाः तथा अपरे ॥ ३।१३४॥
TRANSLITERATION
jñāna-niṣṭhāḥ dvijāḥ ke cit tapaḥ-niṣṭhāḥ tathā apare . tapaḥ-svādhyāya-niṣṭhāḥ ca karma-niṣṭhāḥ tathā apare .. 3.134..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.134. Some Brahmanas are devoted to (the pursuit of) knowledge, and others to (the performance of) austerities; some to austerities and to the recitation of the Veda, and others to (the performance of) sacred rites.
jñāna-niṣṭheṣu kavyāni pratiṣṭhāpyāni yatnataḥ . havyāni tu yathānyāyam sarveṣu eva caturṣu api .. 3.135..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.135. Oblations to the manes ought to be carefully presented to those devoted to knowledge, but offerings to the gods, in accordance with the reason (of the sacred law), to (men of) all the four (above-mentioned classes).
3.136. If there is a father ignorant of the sacred texts whose son has learned one whole recension of the Veda and the Angas, and a son ignorant of the sacred texts whose father knows an entire recension of the Veda and the Angas,
3.137. Know that he whose father knows the Veda, is the more venerable one (of the two); yet the other one is worthy of honour, because respect is due to the Veda (which he has learned).
न श्राद्धे भोजयेन् मित्रं धनैः कार्योऽस्य सङ्ग्रहः । नारिं न मित्रं यं विद्यात्तं श्राद्धे भोजयेद्द्विजम् ॥ ३.१३८॥
PADACHEDA
न श्राद्धे भोजयेत् मित्रम् धनैः कार्यः अस्य सङ्ग्रहः । न अरिम् न मित्रम् यम् विद्यात् तम् श्राद्धे भोजयेत् द्विजम् ॥ ३।१३८॥
TRANSLITERATION
na śrāddhe bhojayet mitram dhanaiḥ kāryaḥ asya saṅgrahaḥ . na arim na mitram yam vidyāt tam śrāddhe bhojayet dvijam .. 3.138..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.138. Let him not entertain a personal friend at a funeral sacrifice; he may gain his affection by (other) valuable gifts; let him feed at a Sraddha a Brahmana whom he considers neither as a foe nor as a friend.
यस्य मित्रप्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलं नास्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३.१३९॥
PADACHEDA
यस्य मित्र-प्रधानानि श्राद्धानि च हवींषि च । तस्य प्रेत्य फलम् न अस्ति श्राद्धेषु च हविःषु च ॥ ३।१३९॥
TRANSLITERATION
yasya mitra-pradhānāni śrāddhāni ca havīṃṣi ca . tasya pretya phalam na asti śrāddheṣu ca haviḥṣu ca .. 3.139..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.139. He who performs funeral sacrifices and offerings to the gods chiefly for the sake of (gaining) friends, reaps after death no reward for Sraddhas and sacrifices.
3.140. That meanest among twice-born men who in his folly contracts friendships through a funeral sacrifice, loses heaven, because he performed a Sraddha for the sake of friendship.
sambhojāni sā abhihitā paiśācī dakṣiṇā dvijaiḥ . iha eva āste tu sā loke gauḥ andhā iva eka-veśmani .. 3.141..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.141. A gift (of food) by twice-born men, consumed with (friends and relatives), is said to be offered to the Pisakas; it remains in this (world) alone like a blind cow in one stable.
यथैरिणे बीजमुप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथाऽनृचे हविर्दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३.१४२॥
PADACHEDA
यथा एरिणे बीजम् उप्त्वा न वप्ता लभते फलम् । तथा अनृचे हविः दत्त्वा न दाता लभते फलम् ॥ ३।१४२॥
TRANSLITERATION
yathā eriṇe bījam uptvā na vaptā labhate phalam . tathā anṛce haviḥ dattvā na dātā labhate phalam .. 3.142..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.142. As a husbandman reaps no harvest when he has sown the seed in barren soil, even so the giver of sacrificial food gains no reward if he presented it to a man unacquainted with the Rikas.
दातॄन् प्रतिग्रहीतॄन् च कुरुते फल-भागिनः । विदुषे दक्षिणाम् दत्त्वा विधिवत् प्रेत्य च इह च ॥ ३।१४३॥
TRANSLITERATION
dātṝn pratigrahītṝn ca kurute phala-bhāginaḥ . viduṣe dakṣiṇām dattvā vidhivat pretya ca iha ca .. 3.143..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.143. But a present made in accordance with the rules to a learned man, makes the giver and the recipient
partakers of rewards both in this (life) and after death.
कामम् श्राद्धे अर्चयेत् मित्रम् न अभिरूपम् अपि तु अरिम् । द्विषता हि हविः भुक्तम् भवति प्रेत्य निष्फलम् ॥ ३।१४४॥
TRANSLITERATION
kāmam śrāddhe arcayet mitram na abhirūpam api tu arim . dviṣatā hi haviḥ bhuktam bhavati pretya niṣphalam .. 3.144..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.144. (If no learned Brahmana be at hand), he may rather honour a (virtuous) friend than an enemy, though the latter may be qualified (by learning and so forth); for sacrificial food, eaten by a foe, bears no reward after
death.
3.145. Let him (take) pains (to) feed at a Sraddha an adherent of the Rig-veda who has studied one entire (recension of that) Veda, or a follower of the Yagur-veda who has finished one Sakha, or a singer of Samans
who (likewise) has completed (the study of an entire recension).
3.146. If one of these three dines, duly honoured, at a funeral sacrifice, the ancestors of him (who gives the
feast), as far as the seventh person, will be satisfied for a very long time.
eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havya-kavyayoḥ . anukalpaḥ tu ayam jñeyaḥ sadā sadbhiḥ anuṣṭhitaḥ .. 3.147..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.147. This is the chief rule (to be followed) in offering sacrifices to the gods and manes; know that the virtuous
always observe the following subsidiary rule.
मातामहं मातुलं च स्वस्रीयं श्वशुरं गुरुम् । दौहित्रं विट्पतिं बन्धुं ऋत्विग्याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१४८॥
PADACHEDA
मातामहम् मातुलम् च स्वस्रीयम् श्वशुरम् गुरुम् । दौहित्रम् विट्पतिम् बन्धुम् ऋत्विज्-याज्यौ च भोजयेत् ॥ ३।१४८॥
TRANSLITERATION
mātāmaham mātulam ca svasrīyam śvaśuram gurum . dauhitram viṭpatim bandhum ṛtvij-yājyau ca bhojayet .. 3.148..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.148. One may also entertain (on such occasions) one’s maternal grandfather, a maternal uncle, a sister’s son, a father-in-law, one’s teacher, a daughter’s son, a daughter’s husband, a cognate kinsman, one’s own officiating
priest or a man for whom one offers sacrifices.
na brāhmaṇam parīkṣeta daive karmaṇi dharma-vid . pitrye karmaṇi tu prāpte parīkṣeta prayatnataḥ .. 3.149..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.149. For a rite sacred to the gods, he who knows the law will not make (too close) inquiries regarding an (invited) Brahmana; but when one performs a ceremony in honour of the manes, one must carefully examine
(the qualities and parentage of the guest).
ये स्तेनपतितक्लीबा ये च नास्तिकवृत्तयः । तान् हव्यकव्ययोर्विप्राननर्हान् मनुरब्रवीत् ॥ ३.१५०॥
PADACHEDA
ये स्तेन-पतित-क्लीबाः ये च नास्तिक-वृत्तयः । तान् हव्य-कव्ययोः विप्रान् अनर्हान् मनुः अब्रवीत् ॥ ३।१५०॥
TRANSLITERATION
ye stena-patita-klībāḥ ye ca nāstika-vṛttayaḥ . tān havya-kavyayoḥ viprān anarhān manuḥ abravīt .. 3.150..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.150. Manu has declared that those Brahmanas who are thieves, outcasts, eunuchs, or atheists are unworthy (to
partake) of oblations to the gods and manes.
जटिलं चानधीयानं दुर्बालं कितवं तथा । याजयन्ति च ये पूगांस्तांश्च श्राद्धे न भोजयेत् ॥ ३.१५१॥
PADACHEDA
जटिलम् च अन् अधीयानम् दुर्बालम् कितवम् तथा । याजयन्ति च ये पूगान् तान् च श्राद्धे न भोजयेत् ॥ ३।१५१॥
TRANSLITERATION
jaṭilam ca an adhīyānam durbālam kitavam tathā . yājayanti ca ye pūgān tān ca śrāddhe na bhojayet .. 3.151..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.151. Let him not entertain at a Sraddha one who wears his hair in braids (a student), one who has not studied
(the Veda), one afflicted with a skin-disease, a gambler, nor those who sacrifice for a multitude (of sacrificers).
3.152. Physicians, temple-priests, sellers of meat, and those who subsist by shop-keeping must be avoided at sacrifices offered to the gods and to the manes.
प्रेष्यः ग्रामस्य राज्ञः च कुनखी श्याव-दन्तकः । प्रतिरोद्धा गुरोः च एव त्यक्ताग्निः वार्धुषिः तथा ॥ ३।१५३॥
TRANSLITERATION
preṣyaḥ grāmasya rājñaḥ ca kunakhī śyāva-dantakaḥ . pratiroddhā guroḥ ca eva tyaktāgniḥ vārdhuṣiḥ tathā .. 3.153..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.153. A paid servant of a village or of a king, man with deformed nails or black teeth, one who opposes his teacher, one who has forsaken the sacred fire, and a usurer;
यक्ष्मी च पशुपालश्च परिवेत्ता निराकृतिः । ब्रह्मद्विष्परिवित्तिश्च गणाभ्यन्तर एव च ॥ ३.१५४॥
PADACHEDA
यक्ष्मी च पशुपालः च परिवेत्ता निराकृतिः । ब्रह्म-द्विष्परिवित्तिः च गण-अभ्यन्तरः एव च ॥ ३।१५४॥
TRANSLITERATION
yakṣmī ca paśupālaḥ ca parivettā nirākṛtiḥ . brahma-dviṣparivittiḥ ca gaṇa-abhyantaraḥ eva ca .. 3.154..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.154. One suffering from consumption, one who subsists by tending cattle, a younger brother who marries or kindles the sacred fire before the elder, one who neglects the five great sacrifices, an enemy of the Brahmana race, an elder brother who marries or kindles the sacred fire after the younger, and one who belongs to a company or corporation,
कुशीलवोऽवकीर्णी च वृषलीपतिरेव च । पौनर्भवश्च काणश्च यस्य चौपपतिर्गृहे ॥ ३.१५५॥
PADACHEDA
कुशीलवः अवकीर्णी च वृषली-पतिः एव च । पौनर्भवः च काणः च यस्य च औप-पतिः गृहे ॥ ३।१५५॥
TRANSLITERATION
kuśīlavaḥ avakīrṇī ca vṛṣalī-patiḥ eva ca . paunarbhavaḥ ca kāṇaḥ ca yasya ca aupa-patiḥ gṛhe .. 3.155..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.155. An actor or singer, one who has broken the vow of studentship, one whose (only or first) wife is a Sudra female, the son of a remarried woman, a one-eyed man, and he in whose house a paramour of his wife (resides);
भृतक-अध्यापकः यः च भृतक-अध्यापितः तथा । शूद्र-शिष्यः गुरुः च एव वाग्दुष्टः कुण्ड-गोलकौ ॥ ३।१५६॥
TRANSLITERATION
bhṛtaka-adhyāpakaḥ yaḥ ca bhṛtaka-adhyāpitaḥ tathā . śūdra-śiṣyaḥ guruḥ ca eva vāgduṣṭaḥ kuṇḍa-golakau .. 3.156..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.156. He who teaches for a stipulated fee and he who is taught on that condition, he who instructs Sudra pupils and he whose teacher is a Sudra, he who speaks rudely, the son of an adulteress, and the son of a widow,
3.157. He who forsakes his mother, his father, or a teacher without a (sufficient) reason, he who has contracted an alliance with outcasts either through the Veda or through a marriage,
3.158. An incendiary, a prisoner, he who eats the food given by the son of an adulteress, a seller of Soma, he who undertakes voyages by sea, a bard, an oil-man, a suborner to perjury,
पित्रा विवदमानः च कितवः मद्यपः तथा । पाप-रोगी अभिशस्तः च दाम्भिकः रस-विक्रयी ॥ ३।१५९॥
TRANSLITERATION
pitrā vivadamānaḥ ca kitavaḥ madyapaḥ tathā . pāpa-rogī abhiśastaḥ ca dāmbhikaḥ rasa-vikrayī .. 3.159..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.159. He who wrangles or goes to law with his father, the keeper of a gambling-house, a drunkard, he who is afflicted with a disease (in punishment of former) crimes, he who is accused of a mortal sin, a hypocrite, a seller of substances used for flavouring food,
धनुःशराणां कर्ता च यश्चाग्रेदिधिषूपतिः । मित्रध्रुग्द्यूतवृत्तिश्च पुत्राचार्यस्तथैव च ॥ ३.१६०॥
PADACHEDA
धनुः-शराणाम् कर्ता च यः च अग्रेदिधिषू-पतिः । मित्र-ध्रुक् द्यूत-वृत्तिः च पुत्र-आचार्यः तथा एव च ॥ ३।१६०॥
TRANSLITERATION
dhanuḥ-śarāṇām kartā ca yaḥ ca agredidhiṣū-patiḥ . mitra-dhruk dyūta-vṛttiḥ ca putra-ācāryaḥ tathā eva ca .. 3.160..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.160. A maker of bows and of arrows, he who lasciviously dallies with a brother’s widow, the betrayer of a friend, one who subsists by gambling, he who learns (the Veda) from his son,
भ्रामरी गण्डमाली च श्वित्र्यथो पिशुनस्तथा । उन्मत्तोऽन्धश्च वर्ज्याः स्युर्वेदनिन्दक एव च ॥ ३.१६१॥
PADACHEDA
भ्रामरी गण्डमाली च श्वित्री अथो पिशुनः तथा । उन्मत्तः अन्धः च वर्ज्याः स्युः वेद-निन्दकः एव च ॥ ३।१६१॥
TRANSLITERATION
bhrāmarī gaṇḍamālī ca śvitrī atho piśunaḥ tathā . unmattaḥ andhaḥ ca varjyāḥ syuḥ veda-nindakaḥ eva ca .. 3.161..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.161. An epileptic man, who suffers from scrofulous swellings of the glands, one afflicted with white leprosy, an informer, a madman, a blind man, and he who cavils at the Veda must (all) be avoided.
श्वक्रीडी श्येनजीवी च कन्यादूषक एव च । हिंस्रो वृषलवृत्तिश्च गणानां चैव याजकः ॥ ३.१६४॥
PADACHEDA
श्व-क्रीडी श्येन-जीवी च कन्या-दूषकः एव च । हिंस्रः वृषल-वृत्तिः च गणानाम् च एव याजकः ॥ ३।१६४॥
TRANSLITERATION
śva-krīḍī śyena-jīvī ca kanyā-dūṣakaḥ eva ca . hiṃsraḥ vṛṣala-vṛttiḥ ca gaṇānām ca eva yājakaḥ .. 3.164..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.164. A breeder of sporting-dogs, a falconer, one who defiles maidens, he who delights in injuring living creatures, he who gains his subsistence from Sudras, and he who offers sacrifices to the Ganas,
आचारहीनः क्लीबश्च नित्यं याचनकस्तथा । कृषिजीवी श्लीपदी च सद्भिर्निन्दित एव च ॥ ३.१६५॥
PADACHEDA
आचार-हीनः क्लीबः च नित्यम् याचनकः तथा । कृषि-जीवी श्लीपदी च सद्भिः निन्दितः एव च ॥ ३।१६५॥
TRANSLITERATION
ācāra-hīnaḥ klībaḥ ca nityam yācanakaḥ tathā . kṛṣi-jīvī ślīpadī ca sadbhiḥ ninditaḥ eva ca .. 3.165..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.165. He who does not follow the rule of conduct, a (man destitute of energy like a) eunuch, one who constantly asks (for favours), he who lives by agriculture, a club-footed man, and he who is censured by virtuous men,
3.167. A Brahmana who knows (the sacred law) should shun at (sacrifices) both (to the gods and to the manes) these lowest of twice-born men, whose conduct is reprehensible, and who are unworthy (to sit) in the company (at a repast).
ब्राह्मणः ह्यनधीयानः स्तृणाग्निरिव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यं न दातव्यं न हि भस्मनि हूयते ॥ ३.१६८॥
PADACHEDA
ब्राह्मणः हि अन् अधीयानः स्तृण-अग्निः इव शाम्यति । तस्मै हव्यम् न दातव्यम् न हि भस्मनि हूयते ॥ ३।१६८॥
TRANSLITERATION
brāhmaṇaḥ hi an adhīyānaḥ stṛṇa-agniḥ iva śāmyati . tasmai havyam na dātavyam na hi bhasmani hūyate .. 3.168..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.168. As a fire of dry grass is (unable to consume the offerings and is quickly) extinguished, even so (is it with) an unlearned Brahmana; sacrificial food must not be given to him, since it (would be) offered in ashes.
3.169. I will fully declare what result the giver obtains after death, if he gives food, destined for the gods or manes, to a man who is unworthy to sit in the company.
अव्रतैः यत् द्विजैः भुक्तम् परिवेत्री-आदिभिः तथा । अ पाङ्क्तेयैः यत् अन्यैः च तत् वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते ॥ ३।१७०॥
TRANSLITERATION
avrataiḥ yat dvijaiḥ bhuktam parivetrī-ādibhiḥ tathā . a pāṅkteyaiḥ yat anyaiḥ ca tat vai rakṣāṃsi bhuñjate .. 3.170..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.170. The Rakshasas, indeed, consume (the food) eaten by Brahmanas who have not fulfilled the vow of studentship, by a Parivettri and so forth, and by other men not admissible into the company.
dāra-agnihotra-saṃyogam kurute yaḥ agraje sthite . parivettā sa vijñeyaḥ parivittiḥ tu pūrvajaḥ .. 3.171..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.171. He must be considered as a Parivettri who marries or begins the performance of the Agnihotra before his elder brother, but the latter as a Parivitti.
परिवित्तिः परिवेत्ता यया च परिविद्यते । सर्वे ते नरकं यान्ति दातृयाजकपञ्चमाः ॥ ३.१७२॥
PADACHEDA
परिवित्तिः परिवेत्ता यया च परिविद्यते । सर्वे ते नरकम् यान्ति दातृ-याजक-पञ्चमाः ॥ ३।१७२॥
TRANSLITERATION
parivittiḥ parivettā yayā ca parividyate . sarve te narakam yānti dātṛ-yājaka-pañcamāḥ .. 3.172..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.172. The elder brother who marries after the younger, the younger brother who marries before the elder, the female with whom such a marriage is contracted, he who gives her away, and the sacrificing priest, as the fifth, all fall into hell.
bhrātuḥ mṛtasya bhāryāyām yaḥ anurajyeta kāmataḥ . dharmeṇa api niyuktāyām sa jñeyaḥ didhiṣū-patiḥ .. 3.173..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.173. He who lasciviously dallies with the widow of a deceased brother, though she be appointed (to bear a
child by him) in accordance with the sacred law, must be known to be a Didhishupati.
3.174. Two (kinds of) sons, a Kunda and a Golaka, are born by wives of other men; (he who is born) while the husband lives, will be a Kunda, and (he who is begotten) after the husband’s death, a Golaka.
ते तु जाताः परक्षेत्रे प्राणिनः प्रेत्य चैह च । दत्तानि हव्यकव्यानि नाशयन्ति प्रदायिनाम् ॥ ३.१७५॥
PADACHEDA
ते तु जाताः पर-क्षेत्रे प्राणिनः प्रेत्य च एह च । दत्तानि हव्य-कव्यानि नाशयन्ति प्रदायिनाम् ॥ ३।१७५॥
TRANSLITERATION
te tu jātāḥ para-kṣetre prāṇinaḥ pretya ca eha ca . dattāni havya-kavyāni nāśayanti pradāyinām .. 3.175..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.175. But those two creatures, who are born of wives of other men, cause to the giver the loss (of the rewards), both in this life and after death, for the food sacred to gods or manes which has been given (to them).
apaṅktyaḥ yāvataḥ paṅktyān bhuñjānān anupaśyati . tāvatām na phalam tatra dātā prāpnoti bāliśaḥ .. 3.176..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.176. The foolish giver (of a funeral repast) does not reap the reward for as many worthy guests as a man,
inadmissible into company, can look on while they are feeding.
3.177. A blind man by his presence causes to the giver (of the feast) the loss of the reward for ninety (guests), a one-eyed man for sixty, one who suffers from white leprosy for a hundred, and one punished by a (terrible)
disease for a thousand.
3.178. The giver (of a Sraddha) loses the reward, due for such a non-sacrificial gift, for as many Brahmanas as a (guest) who sacrifices for Sudras may touch (during the meal) with his limbs.
veda-vid ca api vipraḥ asya lobhāt kṛtvā pratigraham . vināśam vrajati kṣipram āma-pātram iva ambhasi .. 3.179..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.179. And if a Brahmana, though learned in the Veda, accepts through covetousness a gift from such (a man), he will quickly perish, like a vessel of unburnt clay in water.
3.180 (Food) given to a seller of Soma becomes ordure, (that given) to a physician pus and blood, but (that
presented) to a temple-priest is lost, and (that given) to a usurer finds no place (in the world of the gods).
यत् तु वाणिजके दत्तम् न इह न अमुत्र तत् भवेत् । भस्मनि इव हुतम् द्रव्यम् तथा पौनर्भवे द्विजे ॥ ३।१८१॥
TRANSLITERATION
yat tu vāṇijake dattam na iha na amutra tat bhavet . bhasmani iva hutam dravyam tathā paunarbhave dvije .. 3.181..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.181. What has been given to a Brahmana who lives by trade that is not (useful) in this world and the next, and (a present) to a Brahmana born of a remarried woman (resembles) an oblation thrown into ashes.
3.182. But the wise declare that the food which (is offered) to other unholy, inadmissible men, enumerated above, (is turned into) adipose secretions, blood, flesh, marrow, and bone.
3.183. Now hear by what chief of twice-born men a company defiled by (the presence of) unworthy (guests) is purified, and the full (description of) the Brahmanas who sanctify a company.
अग्र्याः सर्वेषु वेदेषु सर्व-प्रवचनेषु च । श्रोत्रिय-अन्वय-जाः च एव विज्ञेयाः पङ्क्ति-पावनाः ॥ ३।१८४॥
TRANSLITERATION
agryāḥ sarveṣu vedeṣu sarva-pravacaneṣu ca . śrotriya-anvaya-jāḥ ca eva vijñeyāḥ paṅkti-pāvanāḥ .. 3.184..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.184. Those men must be considered as the sanctifiers of a company who are most learned in all the Vedas and
in all the Angas, and who are the descendants of Srotriyas.
triṇāciketaḥ pañca-agniḥ trisuparṇaḥ ṣaḍaṅga-vid . brahma-deya-ātmasantānaḥ jyeṣṭhasāma-gaḥ eva ca .. 3.185..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.185. A Trinakiketa, one who keeps five sacred fires, a Trisuparna, one who is versed in the six Angas, the son
of a woman married according to the Brahma rite, one who sings the Gyeshthasaman,
वेद-अर्थ-विद् प्रवक्ता च ब्रह्मचारी सहस्र-दः । शत-आयूः च एव विज्ञेयाः ब्राह्मणाः पङ्क्ति-पावनाः ॥ ३।१८६॥
TRANSLITERATION
veda-artha-vid pravaktā ca brahmacārī sahasra-daḥ . śata-āyūḥ ca eva vijñeyāḥ brāhmaṇāḥ paṅkti-pāvanāḥ .. 3.186..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.186. One who knows the meaning of the Veda, and he who expounds it, a student, one who has given a
thousand (cows), and a centenarian must be considered as Brahmanas who sanctify a company.
3.187. On the day before the Sraddha-rite is performed, or on the day when it takes place, let him invite with
due respect at least three Brahmanas, such as have been mentioned above.
निमन्त्रितो द्विजः पित्र्ये नियतात्मा भवेत्सदा । न च छन्दांस्यधीयीत यस्य श्राद्धं च तद्भवेत् ॥ ३.१८८॥
PADACHEDA
निमन्त्रितः द्विजः पित्र्ये नियत-आत्मा भवेत् सदा । न च छन्दांसि अधीयीत यस्य श्राद्धम् च तत् भवेत् ॥ ३।१८८॥
TRANSLITERATION
nimantritaḥ dvijaḥ pitrye niyata-ātmā bhavet sadā . na ca chandāṃsi adhīyīta yasya śrāddham ca tat bhavet .. 3.188..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.188. A Brahmana who has been invited to a (rite) in honour of the manes shall always control himself and not
recite the Veda, and he who performs the Sraddha (must act in the same manner).
ketitaḥ tu yathānyāyam havye kavye dvijottamaḥ . katham cit api atikrāman pāpaḥ sūkara-tām vrajet .. 3.190..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.190. But a Brahmana who, being duly invited to a rite in honour of the gods or of the manes, in any way breaks (the appointment), becomes guilty (of a crime), and (in his next birth) a hog.
3.194. The (various) classes of the manes are declared to be the sons of all those sages, Mariki and the rest, who are children of Manu, the son of Hiranyagarbha.
3.195. The Somasads, the sons of Virag, are stated to be the manes of the Sadhyas, and the Agnishvattas, the children of Mariki, are famous in the world (as the manes) of the gods.
दैत्यदानवयक्षाणां गन्धर्वौरगरक्षसाम् । सुपर्णकिन्नराणां च स्मृता बर्हिषदोऽत्रिजाः ॥ ३.१९६॥
PADACHEDA
दैत्य-दानव-यक्षाणाम् गन्धर्व-औरग-रक्षसाम् । सुपर्ण-किन्नराणाम् च स्मृताः बर्हिषदः अत्रि-जाः ॥ ३।१९६॥
TRANSLITERATION
daitya-dānava-yakṣāṇām gandharva-auraga-rakṣasām . suparṇa-kinnarāṇām ca smṛtāḥ barhiṣadaḥ atri-jāḥ .. 3.196..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.196. The Barhishads, born of Atri, are recorded to be (the manes) of the Daityas, Danavas, Yakshas, Gandharvas, Snake-deities, Rakshasas, Suparnas, and a Kimnaras,
3.197. The Somapas those of the Brahmanas, the Havirbhugs those of the Kshatriyas, the Agyapas those of the
Vaisyas, but the Sukalins those of the Sudras.
3.198. The Somapas are the sons of Kavi (Bhrigu), the Havishmats the children of Angiras, the Agyapas the
offspring of Pulastya, but the Sukalins (the issue) of Vasishtha.
अनग्निदग्ध-अनग्निदग्धान् काव्यान् बर्हिषदः तथा । अग्निष्वात्तान् च सौम्यान् च विप्राणाम् एव निर्दिशेत् ॥ ३।१९९॥
TRANSLITERATION
anagnidagdha-anagnidagdhān kāvyān barhiṣadaḥ tathā . agniṣvāttān ca saumyān ca viprāṇām eva nirdiśet .. 3.199..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.199. One should know that (other classes), the Agnidagdhas, the Anagnidagdhas, the Kavyas, the Barhishads,
the Agnishvattas, and the Saumyas, are (the manes) of the Brahmanas alone.
3.201. From the sages sprang the manes, from the manes the gods and the Danavas, but from the gods the whole world, both the movable and the immovable in due order.
3.203. For twice-born men the rite in honour of the manes is more important than the rite in honour of the gods;
for the offering to the gods which precedes (the Sraddhas), has been declared to be a means of fortifying (the latter).
3.204. Let him first invite a (Brahmana) in honour of the gods as a protection for the (offering to the manes); for
the Rakshasas destroy a funeral sacrifice which is left without such a protection.
दैव-आदि-अन्तम् तत् ईहेत पित्र्य-आदि-अन्तम् न तत् भवेत् । पित्र्य-आदि-अन्तम् तु ईहमानः क्षिप्रम् नश्यति स अन्वयः ॥ ३।२०५॥
TRANSLITERATION
daiva-ādi-antam tat īheta pitrya-ādi-antam na tat bhavet . pitrya-ādi-antam tu īhamānaḥ kṣipram naśyati sa anvayaḥ .. 3.205..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.205. Let him make (the Sraddha) begin and end with (a rite) in honour of the gods; it shall not begin and end with a (rite) to the manes; for he who makes it begin and end with a (rite) in honour of the manes, soon perishes together with his progeny.
3.208. The (sacrificer) shall make the (invited) Brahmanas, who have duly performed their ablutions, sit down
on separate, prepared seats, on which blades of Kusa grass have been placed.
upaveśya tu tān viprān āsaneṣu a jugupsitān . gandha-mālyaiḥ surabhibhiḥ arcayet daiva-pūrvakam .. 3.209..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.209. Having placed those blameless Brahmanas on their seats, he shall honour them with fragrant garlands and perfumes, beginning with (those who are invited in honour of) the gods.
teṣām udakam ānīya sa pavitrān tilān api . agnau kuryāt anujñātaḥ brāhmaṇaḥ brāhmaṇaiḥ saha .. 3.210..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.210. Having presented to them water, sesamum grains, and blades of Kusa grass, the Brahmana (sacrificer) shall offer (oblations) in the sacred fire, after having received permission (to do so) from (all) the Brahmana (guests) conjointly.
3.211. Having first, according to the rule, performed, as a means of protecting (the Sraddha), oblations to Agni, to Soma, and to Yama, let him afterwards satisfy the manes by a gift of sacrificial food.
अग्न्यभावे तु विप्रस्य पाणावेवोपपादयेत् । यो ह्यग्निः स द्विजो विप्रैर्मन्त्रदर्शिभिरुच्यते ॥ ३.२१२॥
PADACHEDA
अग्नि-अभावे तु विप्रस्य पाणौ एव उपपादयेत् । यः हि अग्निः स द्विजः विप्रैः मन्त्र-दर्शिभिः उच्यते ॥ ३।२१२॥
TRANSLITERATION
agni-abhāve tu viprasya pāṇau eva upapādayet . yaḥ hi agniḥ sa dvijaḥ vipraiḥ mantra-darśibhiḥ ucyate .. 3.212..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.212. But if no (sacred) fire (is available), he shall place (the offerings) into the hand of a Brahmana; for Brahmanas who know the sacred texts declare, ’What fire is, even such is a Brahmana.’
3.213. They (also) call those first of twice-born men the ancient deities of the funeral sacrifice, free from anger, easily pleased, employed in making men prosper.
3.214. After he has performed (the oblations) in the fire, (and) the whole series of ceremonies in such a manner
that they end in the south, let him sprinkle water with his right hand on the spot (where the cakes are to be placed).
trīn tu tasmāt haviḥ-śeṣāt piṇḍān kṛtvā samāhitaḥ . audakena eva vidhinā nirvapet dakṣiṇāmukhaḥ .. 3.215..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.215. But having made three cakes out of the remainder of that sacrificial food, he must, concentrating his
mind and turning towards the south, place them on (Kusa grass) exactly in the same manner in which (he poured out the libations of) water.
nyupya piṇḍān tatas tān tu prayataḥ vidhi-pūrvakam . teṣu darbheṣu tam hastam nirmṛjyāt lepabhāginām .. 3.216..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.216. Having offered those cakes according to the (prescribed) rule, being pure, let him wipe the same hand with (the roots of) those blades of Kusa grass for the sake of the (three ancestors) who partake of the wipings
(lepa).
आचम्यौदक्परावृत्य त्रिरायम्य शनैरसून् । षडृतूंश्च नमस्कुर्यात्पितॄनेव च मन्त्रवत् ॥ ३.२१७॥
PADACHEDA
आचम्य औदक् परावृत्य त्रिस् आयम्य शनैस् असून् । षट् ऋतून् च नमस्कुर्यात् पितॄन् एव च मन्त्रवत् ॥ ३।२१७॥
TRANSLITERATION
ācamya audak parāvṛtya tris āyamya śanais asūn . ṣaṭ ṛtūn ca namaskuryāt pitṝn eva ca mantravat .. 3.217..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.217. Having (next) sipped water, turned round (towards the north), and thrice slowly suppressed his breath, (the sacrificer) who knows the sacred texts shall worship (the guardian deities of) the six seasons and the manes.
3.218. Let him gently pour out the remainder of the water near the cakes, and, with fixed attention, smell those cakes, in the order in which they were placed (on the ground).
piṇḍebhyaḥ su alpikām mātrām samādāya anupūrvaśas . tān eva viprān āsīnān vidhivat pūrvam āśayet .. 3.219..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.219. But taking successively very small portions from the cakes, he shall make those seated Brahmana eat them, in accordance with the rule, before (their dinner).
dhriyamāṇe tu pitari pūrveṣām eva nirvapet . vipra-vat vā api tam śrāddham svakam pitaram āśayet .. 3.220..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.220. But if the (sacrificer’s) father is living, he must offer (the cakes) to three remoter (ancestors); or he may also feed his father at the funeral sacrifice as (one of the) Brahmana (guests).
पितामहो वा तत्श्राद्धं भुञ्जीतैत्यब्रवीन् मनुः । कामं वा समनुज्ञातः स्वयमेव समाचरेत् ॥ ३.२२२॥
PADACHEDA
पितामहः वा तत् श्राद्धम् भुञ्जीत एति अब्रवीत् मनुः । कामम् वा समनुज्ञातः स्वयम् एव समाचरेत् ॥ ३।२२२॥
TRANSLITERATION
pitāmahaḥ vā tat śrāddham bhuñjīta eti abravīt manuḥ . kāmam vā samanujñātaḥ svayam eva samācaret .. 3.222..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.222. Manu has declared that either the grandfather may eat at that Sraddha (as a guest), or (the grandson) having received permission, may perform it, as he desires.
teṣām dattvā tu hasteṣu sa pavitram tila-odakam . tat piṇḍa-agram prayacchet tu svadhā eṣām astu iti bruvan .. 3.223..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.223. Having poured water mixed with sesamum, in which a blade of Kusa grass has been placed, into the hands of the (guests), he shall give (to each) that (above-mentioned) portion of the cake, saying, ’To those,
Svadha!’
3.224. But carrying (the vessel) filled with food with both hands, the (sacrificer) himself shall gently place it before the Brahmanas, meditating on the manes.
guṇān ca sūpa-śāka-ādyān payaḥ dadhi ghṛtam madhu . vinyaset prayataḥ pūrvam bhūmau eva samāhitaḥ .. 3.226..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.226. Let him, being pure and attentive, carefully place on the ground the seasoning (for the rice), such as
broths and pot herbs, sweet and sour milk, and honey,
upanīya tu tat sarvam śanakais su samāhitaḥ . pariveṣayeta prayataḥ guṇān sarvān pracodayan .. 3.228..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.228. All this he shall present (to his guests), being pure and attentive, successively invite them to partake of each (dish), proclaiming its qualities.
3.230. A tear sends the (food) to the Pretas, anger to his enemies, a falsehood to the dogs, contact with his foot to the Rakshasas, a shaking to the sinners.
स्वाध्यायं श्रावयेत्पित्र्ये धर्मशास्त्राणि चैव हि । आख्यानानीतिहासांश्च पुराणानि खिलानि च ॥ ३.२३२॥
PADACHEDA
स्वाध्यायम् श्रावयेत् पित्र्ये धर्म-शास्त्राणि च एव हि । आख्यानानि इतिहासान् च पुराणानि खिलानि च ॥ ३।२३२॥
TRANSLITERATION
svādhyāyam śrāvayet pitrye dharma-śāstrāṇi ca eva hi . ākhyānāni itihāsān ca purāṇāni khilāni ca .. 3.232..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.232. At a (sacrifice in honour) of the manes, he must let (his guests) hear the Veda, the Institutes of the sacred
law, legends, tales, Puranas, and Khilas.
हर्षयेत् ब्राह्मणान् तुष्टः भोजयेत् च शनैस् शनैस् । अन्नाद्येन असकृत् च एतान् गुणैः च परिचोदयेत् ॥ ३।२३३॥
TRANSLITERATION
harṣayet brāhmaṇān tuṣṭaḥ bhojayet ca śanais śanais . annādyena asakṛt ca etān guṇaiḥ ca paricodayet .. 3.233..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.233. Himself being delighted, let him give delight to the Brahmanas, cause them to partake gradually and
slowly (of each dish), and repeatedly invite (them to eat) by (offering) the food and (praising) its qualities.
व्रत-स्थम् अपि दौहित्रम् श्राद्धे यत्नेन भोजयेत् । कुतपम् च आसनम् दद्यात् तिलैः च विकिरेत् महीम् ॥ ३।२३४॥
TRANSLITERATION
vrata-stham api dauhitram śrāddhe yatnena bhojayet . kutapam ca āsanam dadyāt tilaiḥ ca vikiret mahīm .. 3.234..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.234. Let him eagerly entertain at a funeral sacrifice a daughter’s son, though he be a student, and let him place a Nepal blanket on the on the seat (of each guest), scattering sesamum grains on the ground.
3.235. There are three means of sanctification, (to be used) at a Sraddha, a daughter’s son, a Nepal blanket, and sesamum grains; and they recommend three (other things) for it, cleanliness, suppression of anger, and absence of haste.
अत्युष्णं सर्वमन्नं स्याद्भुञ्जीरंस्ते च वाग्यताः । न च द्विजातयो ब्रूयुर्दात्रा पृष्टा हविर्गुणान् ॥ ३.२३६॥
PADACHEDA
अति उष्णम् सर्वम् अन्नम् स्यात् भुञ्जीरन् ते च वाग्यताः । न च द्विजातयः ब्रूयुः दात्रा पृष्टाः हविः-गुणान् ॥ ३।२३६॥
TRANSLITERATION
ati uṣṇam sarvam annam syāt bhuñjīran te ca vāgyatāḥ . na ca dvijātayaḥ brūyuḥ dātrā pṛṣṭāḥ haviḥ-guṇān .. 3.236..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.236. All the food must be very hot, and the (guests) shall eat in silence; (even though) asked by the giver (of
the feast), the Brahmanas shall not proclaim the qualities of the sacrificial food.
3.237. As long as the food remains warm, as long as they eat in silence, as long as the qualities of the food are
not proclaimed, so long the manes partake (of it).
यत् वेष्टित-शिराः भुङ्क्ते यत् भुङ्क्ते दक्षिणा-मुखः । स औपानत्कः च यत् भुङ्क्ते तत् वै रक्षांसि भुञ्जते ॥ ३।२३८॥
TRANSLITERATION
yat veṣṭita-śirāḥ bhuṅkte yat bhuṅkte dakṣiṇā-mukhaḥ . sa aupānatkaḥ ca yat bhuṅkte tat vai rakṣāṃsi bhuñjate .. 3.238..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.238. What (a guest) eats, covering his head, what he eats with his face turned towards the south, what he eats with sandals on (his feet), that the Rakshasas consume.
होमे प्रदाने भोज्ये च यदेभिरभिवीक्ष्यते । दैवे हविषि पित्र्ये वा तद्गच्छत्ययथातथम् ॥ ३.२४०॥
PADACHEDA
होमे प्रदाने भोज्ये च यत् एभिः अभिवीक्ष्यते । दैवे हविषि पित्र्ये वा तत् गच्छति अयथातथम् ॥ ३।२४०॥
TRANSLITERATION
home pradāne bhojye ca yat ebhiḥ abhivīkṣyate . daive haviṣi pitrye vā tat gacchati ayathātatham .. 3.240..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.240. What (any of) these sees at a burnt-oblation, at a (solemn) gift, at a dinner (given to Brahmanas), or at any rite in honour of the gods and manes, that produces not the intended result.
3.241. A boar makes (the rite) useless by inhaling the smell (of the offerings), a cock by the air of his wings, a
dog by throwing his eye (on them), a low-caste man by touching (them).
खञ्जो वा यदि वा काणो दातुः प्रेष्योऽपि वा भवेत् । हीनातिरिक्तगात्रो वा तमप्यपनयेत्पुनः ॥ ३.२४२॥
PADACHEDA
खञ्जः वा यदि वा काणः दातुः प्रेष्यः अपि वा भवेत् । हीन-अतिरिक्त-गात्रः वा तम् अपि अपनयेत् पुनर् ॥ ३।२४२॥
TRANSLITERATION
khañjaḥ vā yadi vā kāṇaḥ dātuḥ preṣyaḥ api vā bhavet . hīna-atirikta-gātraḥ vā tam api apanayet punar .. 3.242..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.242. If a lame man, a one-eyed man, one deficient in a limb, or one with a redundant limb, be even the servant
of the performer (of the Sraddha), he must be removed from that place (where the Sraddha is held).
3.243. To a Brahmana (householder), or to an ascetic who comes for food, he may, with the permission of (his)
Brahmana (guests), show honour according to his ability.
3.244. Let him mix all the kinds of food together, sprinkle them with water and put them, scattering them (on
Kusa grass), down on the ground in front of (his guests), when they have finished their meal.
a saṃskṛta-pramītānām tyāginām kula-yoṣitām . ucchiṣṭam bhāgadheyam syāt darbheṣu vikiraḥ ca yaḥ .. 3.245..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.245. The remnant (in the dishes), and the portion scattered on Kusa grass, shall be the share of deceased (children) who received not the sacrament (of cremation) and of those who (unjustly) forsook noble wives.
āsapiṇḍa-kriyā-karma dvijāteḥ saṃsthitasya tu . a daivam bhojayet śrāddham piṇḍam ekam ca nirvapet .. 3.247..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.247. But before the performance of the Sapindikarana, one must feed at the funeral sacrifice in honour of a
(recently-) deceased Aryan (one Brahmana) without (making an offering) to the gods, and give one cake only.
saha piṇḍa-kriyāyām tu kṛtāyām asya dharmataḥ . anayā eva āvṛtā kāryam piṇḍa-nirvapanam sutaiḥ .. 3.248..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.248. But after the Sapindikarana of the (deceased father) has been performed according to the sacred law, the
sons must offer the cakes with those ceremonies, (described above.)
śrāddha-bhuj vṛṣalī-talpam tat ahar yaḥ adhigacchati . tasyāḥ purīṣe tam māsam pitaraḥ tasya śerate .. 3.250..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.250. If the partaker of a Sraddha (-dinner) enters on the same day the bed of a Sudra female, the manes of his
(ancestors) will lie during that month in her ordure.
3.251. Having addressed the question, ’Have you dined well?’(to his guests), let him give water for sipping to them who are satisfied, and dismiss them, after they have sipped water, (with the words) ’Rest either (here or at
home)!’
svadhā astu iti eva tam brūyuḥ brāhmaṇāḥ tad-anantaram . svadhākāraḥ parāḥ hi āṣīḥ sarveṣu pitṛ-karmasu .. 3.252..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.252. The Brahmana (guests) shall then answer him, ’Let there be Svadha;’ for at all rites in honour of the
manes the word Svadha is the highest benison.
3.253. Next let him inform (his guests) who have finished their meal, of the food which remains; with the
permission of the Brahmanas let him dispose (of that), as they may direct.
pitrye svaditam iti eva vācyam goṣṭhe tu su śṛtam . sampannam iti abhyudaye daive rucitam iti api .. 3.254..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.254. At a (Sraddha) in honour of the manes one must use (in asking of the guests if they are satisfied, the word) svaditam; at a Goshthi-sraddha, (the word) susrutam; at a Vriddhi-sraddha, (the word) sampannam; and at (a rite) in honour of the gods, (the word) rukitam.
3.255. The afternoon, Kusa grass, the due preparation of the dwelling, sesamum grains, liberality, the careful preparation of the food, and (the company of) distinguished Brahmanas are true riches at all funeral sacrifices.
दर्भाः पवित्रम् पूर्वाह्णः हविष्याणि च सर्वशस् । पवित्रम् यत् च पूर्व-उक्तम् विज्ञेयाः हव्य-सम्पदः ॥ ३।२५६॥
TRANSLITERATION
darbhāḥ pavitram pūrvāhṇaḥ haviṣyāṇi ca sarvaśas . pavitram yat ca pūrva-uktam vijñeyāḥ havya-sampadaḥ .. 3.256..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.256. Know that Kusa grass, purificatory (texts), the morning, sacrificial viands of all kinds, and those means of purification, mentioned above, are blessings at a sacrifice to the gods.
मुनि-अन्नानि पयः सोमः मांसम् यत् च अनुपस्कृतम् । अक्सार-लवणम् च एव प्रकृत्याः हविः उच्यते ॥ ३।२५७॥
TRANSLITERATION
muni-annāni payaḥ somaḥ māṃsam yat ca anupaskṛtam . aksāra-lavaṇam ca eva prakṛtyāḥ haviḥ ucyate .. 3.257..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.257. The food eaten by hermits in the forest, milk, Soma-juice, meat which is not prepared (with spices), and salt unprepared by art, are called, on account of their nature, sacrificial food.
3.258. Having dismissed the (invited) Brahmanas, let him, with a concentrated mind, silent and pure, look towards the south and ask these blessings of the manes:
दातारो नोऽभिवर्धन्तां वेदाः संततिरेव च । श्रद्धा च नो मा व्यगमद्बहुदेयं च नोऽस्त्विति ॥ ३.२५९॥
PADACHEDA
दातारः नः अभिवर्धन्ताम् वेदाः संततिः एव च । श्रद्धा च नः मा व्यगमत् बहुदेयम् च नः अस्तु इति ॥ ३।२५९॥
TRANSLITERATION
dātāraḥ naḥ abhivardhantām vedāḥ saṃtatiḥ eva ca . śraddhā ca naḥ mā vyagamat bahudeyam ca naḥ astu iti .. 3.259..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.259. ’May liberal men abound with us! May (our knowledge of) the Vedas and (our) progeny increase! May faith not forsake us! May we have much to give (to the needy)!’
3.260. Having thus offered (the cakes), let him, after (the prayer), cause a cow, a Brahmana, a goat, or the sacred fire to consume those cakes, or let him throw them into water.
. madhyamam tu tatas piṇḍam adyāt samyak suta-arthinī .. 3.262..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.262. The (sacrificer’s) first wife, who is faithful and intent on the worship of the manes, may eat the middle- most cake, (if she be) desirous of bearing a son.
3.263. (Thus) she will bring forth a son who will be long-lived, famous, intelligent, rich, the father of numerous offspring, endowed with (the quality of) goodness, and righteous.
3.264. Having washed his hands and sipped water, let him prepare (food) for his paternal relations and, after
giving it to them with due respect, let him feed his maternal relatives also.
3.265. But the remnants shall be left (where they lie) until the Brahmanas have been dismissed; afterwards he
shall perform the (daily) domestic Bali-offering; that is a settled (rule of the) sacred law.
3.267. The ancestors of men are satisfied for one month with sesamum grains, rice, barley, masha beans, water, roots, and fruits, which have been given according to the prescribed rule,
ṣaṣ-māsān chāga-māṃsena pārṣatena ca sapta vai . aiṇeya-māṃsena rauraveṇa nava eva tu .. 3.269..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.269. Six months with the flesh of kids, seven with that of spotted deer, eight with that of the black antelope, but nine with that of the (deer called) Ruru,
kālaśākam mahāśalkāḥ khaḍga-loha-āmiṣam madhu . ānantyāya eva kalpyante muni-annāni ca sarvaśas .. 3.272..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.272. The (vegetable called) Kalasaka, (the fish called) Mahasalka, the flesh of a rhinoceros and that of a red goat, and all kinds of food eaten by hermits in the forest serve for an endless time.
यत्किं चिन् मधुना मिश्रं प्रदद्यात्तु त्रयोदशीम् । तदप्यक्षयमेव स्याद्वर्षासु च मघासु च ॥ ३.२७३॥
PADACHEDA
यत् किम् चित् मधुना मिश्रम् प्रदद्यात् तु त्रयोदशीम् । तत् अपि अक्षयम् एव स्यात् वर्षासु च मघासु च ॥ ३।२७३॥
TRANSLITERATION
yat kim cit madhunā miśram pradadyāt tu trayodaśīm . tat api akṣayam eva syāt varṣāsu ca maghāsu ca .. 3.273..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.273. Whatever (food), mixed with honey, one gives on the thirteenth lunar day in the rainy season under the
asterism of Maghah, that also procures endless (satisfaction).
अपि नः स कुले भूयाद्यो नो दद्यात्त्रयोदशीम् । पायसं मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां प्राक्छाये कुञ्जरस्य च ॥ ३.२७४॥
PADACHEDA
अपि नः स कुले भूयात् यः नः दद्यात् त्रयोदशीम् । पायसम् मधु-सर्पिर्भ्याम् प्राक् छाये कुञ्जरस्य च ॥ ३।२७४॥
TRANSLITERATION
api naḥ sa kule bhūyāt yaḥ naḥ dadyāt trayodaśīm . pāyasam madhu-sarpirbhyām prāk chāye kuñjarasya ca .. 3.274..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.274. ’May such a man (the manes say) be born in our family who will give us milk-rice, with honey and clarified butter, on the thirteenth lunar day (of the month of Bhadrapada) and (in the afternoon) when the shadow of an elephant falls towards the east.’
yat yat dadāti vidhivat samyak śraddhā-samanvitaḥ . tat tat pitṝṇām bhavati paratra anantam akṣayam .. 3.275..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.275. Whatever (a man), full of faith, duly gives according to the prescribed rule, that becomes in the other world a perpetual and imperishable (gratification) for the manes.
3.276. The days of the dark half of the month, beginning with the tenth, but excepting the fourteenth, are
recommended for a funeral sacrifice; (it is) not thus (with) the others.
3.277. He who performs it on the even (lunar) days and under the even constellations, gains (the fulfilment of) all his wishes; he who honours the manes on odd (lunar days) and under odd (constellations), obtains
distinguished offspring.
यथा च एव अपरः पक्षः पूर्व-पक्षात् विशिष्यते । तथा श्राद्धस्य पूर्वाह्णात् अपराह्णः विशिष्यते ॥ ३।२७८॥
TRANSLITERATION
yathā ca eva aparaḥ pakṣaḥ pūrva-pakṣāt viśiṣyate . tathā śrāddhasya pūrvāhṇāt aparāhṇaḥ viśiṣyate .. 3.278..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.278. As the second half of the month is preferable to the first half, even so the afternoon is better for (the performance of) a funeral sacrifice than the forenoon.
3.279. Let him, untired, duly perform the (rites) in honour of the manes in accordance with the prescribed rule, passing the sacred thread over the right shoulder, proceeding from the left to the right (and) holding Kusa grass in his hands, up to the end (of the ceremony).
रात्रौ श्राद्धं न कुर्वीत राक्षसी कीर्तिता हि सा । संध्ययोरुभयोश्चैव सूर्ये चैवाचिरौदिते ॥ ३.२८०॥
PADACHEDA
रात्रौ श्राद्धम् न कुर्वीत राक्षसी कीर्तिता हि सा । संध्ययोः उभयोः च एव सूर्ये च एव अचिर-उदिते ॥ ३।२८०॥
TRANSLITERATION
rātrau śrāddham na kurvīta rākṣasī kīrtitā hi sā . saṃdhyayoḥ ubhayoḥ ca eva sūrye ca eva acira-udite .. 3.280..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.280. Let him not perform a funeral sacrifice at night, because the (night) is declared to belong to the
Rakshasas, nor in the twilight, nor when the sun has just risen.
3.281. Let him offer here below a funeral sacrifice, according to the rule given above, (at least) thrice a year, in winter, in summer, and in the rainy season, but that which is included among the five great sacrifices, every day.
न पैतृयज्ञियो होमो लौकिकेऽग्नौ विधीयते । न दर्शेन विना श्राद्धमाहिताग्नेर्द्विजन्मनः ॥ ३.२८२॥
PADACHEDA
न पैतृयज्ञियः होमः लौकिके अग्नौ विधीयते । न दर्शेन विना श्राद्धम् आहिताग्नेः द्विजन्मनः ॥ ३।२८२॥
TRANSLITERATION
na paitṛyajñiyaḥ homaḥ laukike agnau vidhīyate . na darśena vinā śrāddham āhitāgneḥ dvijanmanaḥ .. 3.282..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.282. The burnt-oblation, offered at a sacrifice to the manes, must not be made in a common fire; a Brahmana who keeps a sacred fire (shall) not (perform) a funeral sacrifice except on the new-moon day.
yat eva tarpayati adbhiḥ pitṝn snātvā dvijottamaḥ . tena eva kṛtsnam āpnoti pitṛ-yajña-kriyā-phalam .. 3.283..
ENGLISH MEANING
3.283. Even when a Brahmana, after bathing, satisfies the manes with water, he obtains thereby the whole reward for the performance of the (daily) Sraddha.
3.285. Let him daily partake of the vighasa and daily eat amrita (ambrosia); but vighasa is what remains from the meal (of Brahmana guests) and the remainder of a sacrifice (is called) amrita.
3.286. Thus all the ordinances relating to the five (daily great) sacrifices have been declared to you; hear now the law for the manner of living fit for Brahmanas.
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